미국 대학의 고등학교 평가?
“According to Greif, these merchants were able to overcome transaction problems through an institutional innovation known as the community responsibility system (CRS). In this system, each merchant belonged to a self-governed commune, a social unit that “fell into a grey area between states and communities.” This is how the CRS worked. Imagine that a merchant from Commune A refused to pay for goods delivered by his business partner from Commune B. If this happened, Commune B had the right to punish all the members of Commune A, such as by impounding their goods. In this way, all communes had incentives to punish their own members for contract violations against merchants from other communes, not because the commune leaders were altruistic, but because they cared to protect their commune’s collective reputation. Through this “public-order, reputation-based” mechanism, distinct from personal reputation mechanisms of contract enforcement, impersonal exchanges across communities flourished in Europe.”
— How China Escaped the Poverty Trap (Cornell Studies in Political Economy) by Yuen Yuen Ang
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