신장이 중국보다 러시아에 더 가까워지게 된 원인을 러시아의 중앙아시아 철도 건설과 중국상품에 대한 관세를 줄여서 신장으로 향하는 중국 상품들이 산씨성, 간쑤성 등 중국 내륙이 아닌 시베리아 등 러시아로 거치는 것이 더 저렴해진 점, 그리고 카슈가르 상인들이 상하이 상품을 지금의 조지아 영토인 러시아의 바투미로 보내는 것이 가능해진 점을 소개하고 있다.(글을 사진찍기해서 텍스트화하는 과정에서 일부 단어 내용이 잘못 찍혔을 수도 있음.)
Provincial Xinjiang saw little improvement in its communications with China,
but connections to Russia were developing rapidly. By 1888 Russia had extendedits Trans-Caspian Railway to Bukhara and Samarkand, and in 1899 the lineconnected Tashkent and Andijan. In 1906 the opening of the Orenburg-Tashkent Railway provided a more direct link from Turkistan to Russia. Mean-while, construction had commenced on the Trans-Siberian, which eventuallyincluded the Trans-Manchurian link to Beijing. With this, the quickest journey - P84
from China‘s capitalmain export market. Even Chinese goods sent to Xinjiang were shipped viabencfited from these links, which consolidated Russia‘s position as Xinjiang‘sRussia. Kashgari merchants could now transport goods from Shanghai via shipto Batumi on the Black Sea, then by rail and ship to Andijan, with only a shortthe Russian Ministry of Finance decreed the tax-free transit of luxury goodsfrom China through Russia to Xinjiang 108 In reconquering Xinjiang, the Qinghad achieved a degree of political integration, but socially and economically itsMuslim community continued to face west.
An equally important byproduct of Russian empire building was thestrengthening of ties between Muslim communities in Eurasia. To the northjects in Semireche, forming outposts of sedentary Muslim life in a traditionallynomadic Kazakh region. Russia‘s trading colonies in Ghulja and Tarbaghatayto Kashgar was on the Russian railway. Traders naturallyto Kashgar remaining. Seeing benefits in this rerouting, in 1904caravan tripof Xinjiang, the majority of the Taranchi population were now Russian sub-way were home to growing communities of Tatars, with direct links via trade routesrunning through the steppe to centers of Muslim intellectual and social life suchas Kazan and Ufa. In the south, by contrast, Russia‘s conquest of Kokand hadsubsumed the Kashgari exile population and extended Russian subjecthood tothe émigré Andijanis in Xinjiang. This north/south divide had consequences for thein which new cultural trends manifested themselves in the earlytwentieth century. More so than at any point in its history, Xinjiang was nowlinked to the intellectual world of Russian Muslims and would absorb the sameinfluences that these Muslims, primarily Tatars, were bringing to RussianTurkistan. At the same time, Russian railroads and steamships made it all themore feasible to strengthen old ties with the Ottoman Empire. Those in Xinjiang who benefited most from the new commercial opportunities with Russia,easily identified by their Russified family names, were also theeagerofXinjiang‘s Muslims to cultivate a bond with the tsar‘s rivals in Istanbul.
- P85
|