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Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temerate;
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date;
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;
Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
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Analysis
In the sonnet, the poet compares his beloved to the summer season, and argues that his beloved is better. The poet also states that his beloved will live on forever through the words of the poem. By putting his love's beauty into the form of poetry, the poet is preserving it forever by the power of his written words.
Exegesis
"complexion" in line six, an have two meanings: 1. The outward appearance of the face as compared with the sun in the previous line, or 2. the older sense of the word in relation to the The four humours. The second meaning of "complexion" would communicate that the beloved's inner, cheerful, and temperate disposition is sometimes blotted out like the sun on a cloudy day.
"Untrimmed" in line eight, can bee taken two ways: 1. in the sense of loss of decoration and frills, and 2. in the sense of untrimmed sails on a ship. In the first interpretation, the poem reads that beautiful things naturally lose their fanciness over time. In the second, it reads that nature is a ship with sails not adjusted to wind changes in order to correct course. This line in the poem creates a shift from the mutability of the first eight lines, into the eternity of the last six. Both change and eternity are then acknowledged and challenged by the final line.
"Ow'st" in line ten can also carry two meanings equally common at the time: "ownest" and "owest". Many readers interpret it as "ownest", as do many Shakespearean glosses. However, "owest" delivers an interesting view on the text. It conveys the idea that beauty is something borrowed from nature-- that it must be paid back as time progresses.