[마이리뷰] Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind

Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (Paperback)
Yuval Noah Harari / Perennial / 2018년 5월

The Agricultural Revolution made the future far more importantthan it had ever been before. Farmers must always keep the futurein mind and must work in its service. The agricultural economy wasbased on a seasonal cycle of production, comprising long months ofcultivation followed by short peak periods of harvest. On the nightfollowing the end of a plentiful harvest the peasants might celebratefor all they were worth, but within a week or so they were again upat dawn for a long day in the field. Although there was enough foodfor today, next week, and even next month, they had to worry aboutnext year and the year after that. - P100

Hammurabi‘s Code asserts that Babylonian social order is rootedin universal and eternal principles of justice, dictated by the gods.
The principle of hierarchy is of paramount importance. Accordingto the code, people are divided into two genders and three classes:superior people, commoners and slaves. Members of each genderand class have different values. The life of a female commoner isworth thirty silver shekels and that of a slave-woman twenty silvershekels, whereas the eye of a male commoner is worth sixty silvershekels. - P107

Like Hammurabi‘s Code, the American founding document prom-ises that if humans act according to its sacred principles, millions ofthem would be able to cooperate effectively, living safely and peace-fully in a just and prosperous society. Like the Code of Hammurabi,
the American Declaration of Independence was not just a documentof its time and place – it was accepted by future generations as well.
For more than 200 years, American schoolchildren have beening and learning it by heart. - P108

The humanities and social sciences devote most of their energiesto explaining exactly how the imagined order is woven into thetap-estryof life. In the limited space at our disposal we can only scratchthe surface. Three main factors prevent people from realising thatthe order organising their lives exists only in their imagination: - P113

[마이리뷰] Experimentation with Human Beings: The Authority of the Investigator, Subject, Professions, a

Experimentation with Human Beings: The Authority of the Investigator, Subject, Professions, and State in the Human Experimentation Process: The Author (Hardcover)
Jay Katz / Russell Sage Foundation / 1972년 7월

For the first time, this book presents materialsorganized around an analytical framework for acomprehensive and systematic exploration of thehuman experimentation process. The bookexamines and evaluates the authority which shouldbe vested in each of the chief participants in thisprocess — the investigator, the subject, theprofessions and the state - as well as the problemsfor decision which arise at its three basic stages -the formulation of research policy, theadministration of research, and the review ofresearch and its consequences.
Through case studies from medicine, psychology,
sociology, biology and law as well as commentaryfrom many sources - philosophy, political science,
economics, genetics, medicine, anthropology,
psychoanalysis, biology, jurisprudence, psychology,
theology, journalism and literature - the volumeexplores the problems raised by human researchand the attempts that have been made to resolvethem. Alternative proposals, from allowinginvestigators a completely free hand to imposingcentralized governmental control, are examinedfrom both theoretical and practical perspectives.
The conceptual framework of Experimentationwith Human Beings is designed to facilitate notonly the analysis of such concepts as "harm,"
"benefit" and "informed consent," but also theexploration of the problems posed by man‘s questfor knowledge and mastery, his willingness to riskhuman life, and his readiness to delegate authorityto professionals and rely on their judgment.

The book probes such questions as:• What limits, if any, should be placed onscientific inquiry and what implications do theselimits have for society‘s democratic andegalitarian aspirations?
• To what extent should the degree or type ofharm to individuals or society affect the authorityof decisionmakers?
• To what extent is the harm of an interventionmitigated by what immediate or long range, certainor uncertain benefits, and to whom should benefitsaccrue?
• Under what circumstances and to what extentshould the consent of the subject or patient affectthe decision to intervene?

To what extent should the capacity of subject or patients to comprehend, to communicate or tomake rational choices affect the validity of consent.
• Under what circumstances should thebalancing of risks and benefits be left to the personsaffected and when, if ever, should otherdecisionmakers impose limits on risktaking?
These and many other questions are presented topromote a greater conscious awareness and arelentless scholarly analysis of the conflictingpurposes of human experimentation - protectingman, advancing science, and improving the well-being of society and future generations. Theultimate goal of this book is to encourage studentsand decisionmakers to sort out these conflicts, foronly then can they begin to formulate rules andprocedures which will minimize harm withouterecting insuperable impediments to the acquisitionof knowledge.

[마이리뷰] 스포츠 리터러시

스포츠 리터러시
최의창 지음 / 레인보우북스(무지개사) / 2018년 1월

체육교수인 나의 내적 모습은 무엇인가? 지난 시간 동안 내가그려낸 나의 교육철학과 체육실천은 어떤 모습을 하고 있는가? 이모습의 이름은 무엇인가? 개인으로서 내가 최의창이라는 이름을가지고 있듯이, 내면의 나의 모습에 나는 "홀리즘" 이라는 이름을붙여주었다. 영어로 "Wholism" 이다. 한문으로는 "온전론"全論또는 "일체론"一體論, 우리말로는 "하나주의" 하나론 라고 부르고 있다. "원래대로인 것, 온전한 것, 하나인 것과 원래로 되는 것, 온전하게 되는 것, 하나로 되는 것"을 동시에 의미한다. - P2

우리가 "whole person" 전인 이라고 부르는 이는 바로 이런 온전성, 전일성을 지닌 사람을 가리킨다. 통상적으로 이때의 온전성은 지성, 덕성, 체성이 하나로 온전히 갖추어진 건강한 사람을 의미한다. 지덕체가 하나가 된 사람이다. - P4

인문적 체육이란 신체활동에 인문적 지혜와 서사적 체험을 덧붙이자는 것이다. 과학적 이론과 학문적 이론 중심으로 체육을 이해하고 실천하는 기존 접근의 한계를 넘고, 그 부작용을 해결해주는인문적 지혜와 서사적 체험의 세계에 눈을 돌리자는 말이다. - P11

체력이나 지력이나 기능 등으로 표현되는 것이 아니라, 게임과 문화로서의 스포츠를 온전히 습득한 사람이 총체적으로 가지게 되는 것, 그것을 종합적으로 일컫는 대상을 "운동소양" sport literacy 이라고 부른다. - P14

때로는 긍정적이고 때로는 부정적, 또는 적대적이기까지 한. 혼신의 힘을 기울여 그려온 내면의모습은 결국, 그것에 어떤 이름을 부여하는지가 결정적이다. - P19

운동소양이란 한 사람이 운동에 대하여 가지고 있는 총체적인자질이다. 운동소양은 한 사람의 기본적 능력과 자질을 이루는 소양이며, 운동적 측면의 소양을 포괄적으로 의미한다. 운동소양은능지심 能智心 의 세 차원으로 구분되어 축적되고 발휘된다. 운동을하는 능력 運動能, 운동에 관한 지식 運動智, 그리고 운동을 대하는태도運動心 를 포함한다. - P25

우리가 사는 지금은 고전적 개념의 위인보다는 훌륭한 전문가,
자신의 일을 창조적이고 도덕적으로 성취하는 전문가들이 진정한위인으로 존경받고 있는 시대이다. 스티브잡스, 마이클조던, 마크저커버그 등 어떤 분야에서든 이전과는 판이하게 다른, 한 단계 업그레이드 된 방식과 수준으로 자신의 분야를 운영한 이들이 바로위인들이고 영웅들이다. - P60

[마이리뷰] Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind

Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (Paperback)
Yuval Noah Harari / Perennial / 2018년 5월

This work, they thought, would providethem with more fruit, grain and meat. It was a revolution in the wayhumans lived – the Agricultural Revolution. - P77

Eventually, people were so smart that they wereable to decipher nature‘s secrets, enabling them to tame sheep andcultivate wheat. As soon as this happened, they cheerfully abandonedthe gruelling, dangerous, and often spartan life of hunter-gatherers,
settling down to enjoy the pleasant, satiated life of farmers. - P79

The currency of evolution is neither hunger nor pain, but rathercopies of DNA helixes. Just as the economic success of a companyis measured only by the number of dollars in its bank account, notby the happiness of its employees, so the evolutionary success of aspecies is measured by the number of copies of its DNA. - P83

Once people get used toa certain luxury, they take it for granted. Then they begin to counton it. Finally they reach a point where they can‘t live without it.
Let‘s take another familiar example from our own time. Over thelast few decades, we have invented countless time-saving devicesthat are supposed to make life more relaxed – washing machines,
vacuum cleaners, dishwashers, telephones, mobile phones, com-puters, email. - P87

Unfortunately, the evolutionary perspective is an incompletemeasure of success. It judges everything by the criteria of survivaland reproduction, with no regard for individual suffering and happi-ness. Domesticated chickens and cattle may well be an evolutionarysuccess story, but they are also among the most miserable creaturesthat ever lived. The domestication of animals was founded on a seriesof brutal practices that only became crueller with the passing of thecenturies. - P93

[마이리뷰] Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind

Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (Paperback)
Yuval Noah Harari / Perennial / 2018년 5월

This ‘gorging gene‘ theory is widely accepted. Other theories arefar more contentious. For example, some evolutionary psychologistsargue that ancient foraging bands were not composed of nuclearfamilies centred on monogamous couples. Rather, foragers lived incommunes devoid of private property, monogamous relationshipsand even fatherhood. In such a band, a woman could have sex andform intimate bonds with several men (and women) simultaneously,
and all of the band‘s adults cooperated in parenting its children.
Since no man knew definitively which of the children were his, menshowed equal concern for all youngsters. - P41

The heated debatesabout Homo sapiens’ ‘natural way of life‘ miss the main point. Eversince the Cognitive Revolution, there hasn‘t been a single naturalway of life for Sapiens. There are only cultural choices, from amonga bewildering palette of possibilities. - P45

mapSapiens did not forage only for food and materials. They foragedfor knowledge as well. To survive, they needed a detailed mentalof their territory. To maximise the efficiency of their daily search forfood, they required information about the growth patterns of eachplant and the habits of each animal. They needed to know whichfoods were nourishing, which made you sick, and how to use othersas cures. They needed to know the progress of the seasons and whatwarning signs preceded a thunderstorm or a dry spell. They studiedevery stream, every walnut tree, every bear cave, and every flint-stonedeposit in their vicinity. Each individual had to understand how tomake a stone knife, how to mend a torn cloak, how to lay a rabbit trap,
and how to face avalanches, snakebites or hungry lions. - P48

But no longer. Within 2,000 years of the Sapiens arrival, mostof these unique species were gone. According to current estimates,
within that short interval, North America lost thirty-four out ofits forty-seven genera of large mammals. South America lost fiftyout of sixty. The sabre-tooth cats, after flourishing for more than 30million years, disappeared, and so did the giant ground sloths, theoversized lions, native American horses, native American camels, thegiant rodents and the mammoths. Thousands of species of smallermammals, reptiles, birds, and even insects and parasites also becameextinct (when the mammoths died out, all species of mammoth ticksfollowed them to oblivion). - P71