And while it`s important to minimize the damage that depression, alcoholism, or ADHD cause, if you are stuck in a damage-control approach to life, you will never flourish. In this book we do not get stuck in fix-it mode. You`ll learn foundational skills that you can use to overcome areas of weakness and, just as important, enhance areas of strength. You will learn how to develop your resilience and use it to live with vitality, curiosity, and inspiration. (5)
It`s easy to see how explanatory style affects our causal analysis. Those people who ruminate about the "always-everything" causes of their problems cannot see a way to change their situation. They become helpless and hopeless. People who focus on the "not always-not everything" causes are galvanized and capable of generating solutions that they can put into action. But the most resilient people are those who have cognitive flexibility and can identify all the significant causes of the adversities they face without being trapped in any specific explanatory style. They are realists in that they do not ignore the factors that are permanent and pervasive. They also don`t reflexively blame others for their mistakes in order to preserve their self-esteem or absolve themselves of guilt. ... They channel their problem-solving resources into the factors they can control, and, through incremental change, they begin to overcome, steer through, bounce back, and reach out. (43)
But as we`ve seen, resilience is not just about overcoming, steering through, and bouncing back from adversity. Resilience also enables us to enhance the positive aspects of life. Resilience is the source of our ability to reach out, and a surprising number of people can`t do it. Why are some people afraid of reaching out? For some people, it`s because they learned early in life that embarrassment was to be avoided at all costs. Better to remain in one;s shell, even if it means a life of mediocrity, than to expose oneself to public failure and ridicule. For others, ..., this reflects the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of future adversity. And ..., people often overvalue sins of commission and underplay sins of omission. That is, failure due to an action is falsely considered more detrimental to success than the failure to act. (46)
In 1998, then president of the American Psychological Association, Martin Seligman, recognized that a window of opportunity lay open to restore the twin forgotten missions to prominence within psychology. Societies under conditions of threat of deficit, as was the case in the immediate postwar years, trend naturally toward a focus on the negative aspects of life. But America at the tail end of the twentieth century was experiencing unprecedented prosperity, With the cold war all but thawed and economic indicators at all-time highs, it was time to move "beyond the remedial." ... These same methodologies, Sligman argued, could be brought to bear on the human strengths and civic virtues--courage, interpersonal skill, rationality and realism, insight, optimism, honesty, perseverance, capacity for pleasure, putting troubles into perspective, future mindedness, and finding purpose, for example. (58)
This is what the thinking traps are all about. Over time, using induction, we develop general rules about the world and ourselves. When we jump to a conclusion, we are applying that rule to a new situation. Personalizers have as the rule of thumb that they themselves are generally to balme for problems. For externalizers, it`s other people that cause them setbacks. And of course, overgeneralizing is exactly the trap we fall into when we take one of our inductive rules and apply it where it doesn`t belong. We continue to fall into these traps because, by and large, induction is useful. But we should be more aware of our shortcomings--that we may not have all the information in our reach--and we should not be so confident that we have considered the problem comprehensively. Problems arise when we allocate our resources based on these mistaken judgments. Our resilience is diminished when we commit ourselves to action based on false belief. (119)
Sometimes your ticker-tape beliefs don`t explian the intensity of your reaction to a given situation. When that happens, it`s a sign that you are being affected by an underlying belief--a deeply held belief about how the world ought to operate and how you feel you ought to operate within that world. ... These deeper motivations and values often drive us and determine how we respond to adversity. And since these underlying beliefs--or icebergs, as we call them--are usually outside our awareness, deep beneath the surface of our consciousness, we need a special skill to detect them. (123)
The final problem with iceberg beliefs is that they cause you to experience the same emotion over and over again--even in situations that don`t warrant it. That is, iceberg beliefs cause you to overexperience certain emotions and underexperience others. Emotionally resilient people feel it all. They feel anger, sadness, loneliness, happiness, guilt, pride, embarrassment, joy, jealousy, excitement--but they feel these emotions at the appropriate time and to the appropriate degree. Less resilient people tend to get stuck in one emotion, and that compromises their ability to respond productively to adversity. (134)
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