Interest in the influence of genetic background on the phenotypic manifestations of single-gene traits has grown rapidly in recent years.
This interest is based on the observation that many organisms with either spontaneous, engineered or induced mutations often vary in subtle or profound ways depending on background genes that act as phenotypic modifiers. These modifier genes modulate penetrance, dominance, pleiotropy or expressivity in individuals with Mendelian traits.
Modifier genes probably affect multigenic as well as monogenic traits but, except in specially constructed organisms, quantitative trait genes and modifier genes are difficult to distinguish. Modifier genes provide clues to the molecular and functional basis for gene interactions, novel ways to treat and perhaps prevent disease, the origins of homeostasis in response to genetic and environmental perturbations, and the evolution of functional networks.
The evidence for the influence of genetic background on Mendelian traits is old and the pioneers of genetics reported many examples [1 and 2].
A recent review [3] described numerous examples in humans and mice. Because many factors — including allelic variants, environmental agents and stochastic factors — can influence the expression of traits, it is necessary to distinguish among these alternatives before modifier genes are invoked. In particular, evidence that independent genes account for the modifier effect is needed.
In organisms with inbred strains, showing that genetic background modulates expression is sufficient to implicate genetic effects, whereas in humans and other species with segregating populations, direct evidence for linkage is needed, and is in most cases not yet available.
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Modifier gene에 대해 관심이 있다. mouse strain에 따라 보이는 표현형의 차이에 대한 분자 수준의 단서를 제공해 준다고나 할까? 한 때 이 관련 문헌을 뒤지다 포기한 적이 있다. 아직은 내가 이 내용을 이해하기엔 역부족으로 보인다.