<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://blog.aladin.co.kr/blog/rss/rssUserXSL.aspx" type="text/xsl" media="screen"?><rss version="2.0"><channel><title>독서광이 되고자하는 초짜 독서가 (외로운 발바닥 서재) &gt; 法</title><link>http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/category/868626</link><language>ko-kr</language><description>무엇이 진리인지 무엇이 옳은 길인지...

이럴땐 어떻게 해야 하는지...

세상엔 온통 모르는 것, 불확실한 것 투성이다.

삶의 방향을 설정하기 위해서 독서만한 것이 있을까?


그래서 오늘도 난 책을 읽으려 한다. 몸이 맘을 따라가지 못하지만...</description><copyright /><generator>Aladdin RSS(Alss) v0.9</generator><lastBuildDate>Fri, 25 May 2012 17:46:27 +0900</lastBuildDate><image><title>외로운 발바닥</title><url>http://image.aladdin.co.kr/Community/myface/pt_755720113281463.jpg</url><link>http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/category/868626</link><width>100</width><height>100</height><description>외로운 발바닥</description></image><item><author>외로운 발바닥</author><category>法</category><title> "사법부, 앉아서 기다리지 말고 찾아 가라"  </title><link>http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/1085911</link><pubDate>Sun, 25 Mar 2007 10:03:00 +0900</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/1085911</guid><description><![CDATA[






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[사법불신, 왜?③]'권력의 시녀' 오명 씻으려면… 



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2007-03-13 오후 5:47:00
http://www.pressian.com/scripts/section/article.asp?s_menu=사회&amp;article_num=60070308164252
'선출되지 않은 권력'이라는 말이 사법부의 태생적 한계를 지적하는 것이라면, '권력의 시녀'라는 오명은 사법부 성장과정의 한계로 꼽힌다. 특히 사법부가 '인권보장의 최후 보루'여야 한다는 점을 감안했을 때, 입법·행정 권력에서 독립돼야만 하는 사법부가 과거 독재정권의 하수인에 불과했다는 사실은 사법불신의 뿌리깊은 요인이다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;그럼에도 불구하고 민주화 이후 사회 곳곳에서 과거사 청산 작업이 벌어지고 있으나 사법부는 매우 소극적인 자세를 보여 왔다. 사법부가 최근 형식적으로는 삼권분립 체제의 독립 권력으로 되살아났다 할지라도, 과거의 오명으로부터 벗어나지 않는 이상, 그 권력의 정당성과 신뢰를 얻기는 힘들다는 것이 일반적인 지적이다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 





▲ 이용훈 대법원장은 2005년 9월 취임 당시 '사법부의 반성'을 언급했으나, 이후 구체적인 과거사 청산 작업이 이뤄지지 않고 있다. ⓒ연합뉴스 <BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이용훈 대법원장 취임사로 부푼 기대, 1년 6개월 지났는데…<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;그래서 지난 2005년 이용훈 대법원장의 취임사는 사법부의 과거사 청산에 대한 기대를 한껏 부풀게 했다. 이 대법원장은 "독재와 권위주의 시대를 지나면서 사법부는 정치권력으로부터 독립을 제대로 지켜내지 못하고 인권보장의 최후 보루로서 소임을 다하지 못한 불행한 과거를 갖고 있다"고 반성했다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이 대법원장은 특히 "그동안 사법부가 행한 법의 선언에 오류가 없었는지, 외부의 영향으로 정의가 왜곡되지는 않았는지 돌이켜 봐야 하며 권위주의 시대에 국민 위에 군림하던 그릇된 유산을 청산하고, 국민의 권리를 지키는 본연의 자리로 돌아와야 한다"고 강조했다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;하지만 취임사를 듣고 느꼈던 '기대'는 취임 이후 1년 6개월이 지나는 동안 '실망'으로 바뀌어가고 있다. 취임사는 거창했지만, 이후 과거사 청산 방식에 대한 논란만 있을 뿐 눈에 띄는 후속작업이 없기 때문이다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;'멀고도 험난한' 재심 통한 과거사 청산<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;현재 제기되고 있는 과거사 청산 방식에 대한 논의는 크게 '사법부 내 과거사 청산위원회를 설치'(위원회), '과거 판결을 무효화하는 특별법 제정'(입법), '재심강화를 통한 판결 정정 및 판례 재정립'(재심) 등 크게 세 가지다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;과거사 청산위원회를 설치하거나 특별법을 제정하는 방식에 대해 사법부는 "법률적 판단을 정치적 방식으로 해소하는 것은 옳지 않다"는 문제 등을 이유로 현실성이 없다면서 받아들이지 않고 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;사법부는 재심을 통한 과거사 청산이 가장 현실적인 대안으로 보고 있으며, 그간 재심사건이 대법원에 상고되면 대법원 판결문에서 과거에 대한 반성 및 판례 변경을 통해 과거사 청산을 하겠다는 의지를 표명한 바 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 





▲ '인혁당 재건위' 재심사건에서 무죄를 선고 받고 오열하는 유족들. ⓒ연합뉴스 <BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;하지만 재심을 통한 과거사 청산은 '멀고도 험난한 길'이다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;지난 1월 재심 판결을 통해 '무죄'가 선고돼 큰 화제를 모았던 '인혁당 재건위' 사건의 경우, 재심 신청(2002. 12)에서 재심 결정(2005.12), 1심 무죄판결(2007.1)이 내려질 때까지 무려 4년 2개월이라는 시간이 걸렸다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이러다보니 1심 무죄 판결 이후 검찰이 항소를 포기했다. 유가족을 더 이상 고통스럽게 해서는 안 된다는 이유 때문이었다. 그러다 보니 대법원 판결을 통한 과거사 청산은 거의 이뤄지지 않았다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;게다가 재심 사유가 까다로워 무혐의를 입증하거나 수사 과정에서 불법감금과 고문과 같은 불법행위를 받았다는 '새로운 증거'를 제출해야 하는데, 일반인들로서는 이를 찾아내는 것이 만만치 않은 일이다. 실제로 '인혁당 재건위' 사건의 경우 재심이 이뤄지는 데 의문사진상규명위원회나 국정원 진실위와 같은 공신력을 지닌 기관에서 밝혀낸 자료가 큰 역할을 했다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이번 인혁당 판결에 앞서 간첩혐의로 불법연행·감금돼 고문을 당한 뒤 15년형을 받아 15년을 꼬박 옥살이한 신귀영(71) 씨의 경우 2번이나 법원에 재심 청구를 했지만, 모두 상급심에서 좌절당한 것만 봐도 재심을 통한 과거사 청산이 얼마나 힘든 일인지 알 수 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;따라서 사법부가 '재심을 신청하면 그 때 보겠다'는 현 자세를 유지하는 한 "과거사 청산의 의지가 없다"는 비난을 들어 마땅하다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;사법부는 '재심 특별재판부' 설치하고, 검찰도 진상규명 나서야<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;따라서 사법부가 지난 과오를 진정 반성하고 있다면 '재심 특별부'를 설치해 재심 사건에 대한 집중 심리를 벌여야 한다는 주장이 설득력을 얻고 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;판사 1명이 1년에 3500여 건의 사건을 처리하는 현실에서 재심 사건을 집중 심리하는 '특별부'를 설치해 신속한 재판과 재심 사건에 대한 전문성을 높여야 한다는 것. 특히 재심 대상으로 분류되는 사건이 대부분 20~40년이 지난 사건으로, 신속하게 재판을 진행해야 할 필요가 있다. 이미 많은 '재심 대상' 사건 피해자들이 사망했고, 또 많은 피해자들이 고령이어서 시간이 많지 않다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 





▲ 간첩사건에 연루돼 법원에 재심을 청구했으나 두 번이나 거부당한 신귀영 씨. 최근 진실화해위에서 "신 씨에 대한 재심이 필요하다"고 법원에 권고했다. ⓒ프레시안 <BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;또 재심의 실효성을 얻기 위해서는 검찰의 협조가 필수적이다. 재심이 정치적 판단이 아니라 법률적 판단이 되기 위해서는 철저한 증거조사가 필요한데, 법원의 직권조사 명령만으로는 강제성이 없어 조사의 한계가 있을 수밖에 없기 때문에 검찰이 나서야 한다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;과거 '메모 재판'의 주범은 판사 뿐만 아니라 검사도 책임이 막중하기 때문이다. 검찰 역시 '정치적으로 독립적인 준사법기관'을 주창하고 있지만, 과거 검찰은 전혀 그렇지 못했다. 공안기관원에게서 모진 고문을 받다 검사 앞에 불려가 '나를 보호해주겠지'라는 피해자들의 바램을 무참히 짓밟은 당사자들이 검사들이었다. '사법부 과거사 청산'이 담장넘어 법원만의 일이라고 생각한다면 큰 착각이다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;진실화해위 김갑배 상임위원(변호사)은 "피해 당사자들이 재심청구를 하는 것은 굉장히 어려운 일"이라며 "형사소송법상 재심청구의 자격이 있는 검찰이 사법부의 암울했던 과거에 책임이 있는 만큼, 재판에서의 승소에 집착하지 말고 공익의 대변자로서 재심 청구와 진상규명에 적극 나서야 한다"고 강조했다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;"'권력의 시녀' 된 구조 밝히는 것도 과거사 청산이다"<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;결국 사법부는 "대법원에 올라오면 입장을 표명하겠다"는 소극적 자세가 아니라 "대법원에 사건이 올라오도록 시스템을 갖추겠다"는 적극적 자세가 필요하다. 특히 검찰의 협조가 필수적이긴 하지만 특별법을 만들거나 현행 법률을 개정하지 않아도 실시할 수 있다는 점에서 대법원의 의지만으로 시행할 수 있는 방법이기도 하다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;그럼에도 불구하고 사법부가 '재심'이라는 법률적 행위로만 청산할 수 없는 과거사가 있다. 바로 과거 '권력의 시녀'라는 오명을 듣게 했던 권력 종속의 구조를 밝히는 일이다. 이런 문제를 풀기 위해선 '과거사 청산위원회' 설치 등이 검토돼야 한다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;한상희 참여연대 사법감시센터 소장(건국대 법학과 교수)은 "진실을 밝혀내고 이 진실의 이면에 존재할 수 있었던 권력과 이익의 문제들을 규명해 이를 척결할 수 있는 방안을 강구하는 것이 과거사 청산의 또 다른 목표"라면서 "과거사를 생산해 낼 수 있었던 사법의 구조와 체계 혹은 이를 둘러싼 정치구조 그 자체의 왜곡지점을 조사해야 한다"고 말했다. 한 소장은 "이것이 제대로 이루어질 때 비로소 우리 사법의 정치성은 청산될 수 있을 것"이라고 강조했다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;사법부의 과거사 청산과 신뢰의 회복은 민주화 과정에서 '무혈 입성'한 법원의 최소한의 역사에 대한 책무이고, 앞으로 사법부가 진정한 '국민을 위한' 법원으로 거듭나기 위한 미래적 의무이기도 하다. 그럼에도 불구하고 현재 실현 가능한 방법마저 외면한다면 사법부에 대한 국민적 신뢰회복은 기대하기 어려울 것이다. <!---- //기사 본문 끝 ----><!---- 관련링크 기자 시작---->



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김하영/기자]]></description><image><url>http://www.pressian.com/images/2007/03/13/60070308164252.jpg</url><link>http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/1085911</link></image></item><item><author>외로운 발바닥</author><category>法</category><title>사법부의 아킬레스건, '선출되지 않은 권력' </title><link>http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/1085907</link><pubDate>Sun, 25 Mar 2007 09:58:00 +0900</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/1085907</guid><description><![CDATA[





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[사법불신, 왜?②]"판사도 '비판' 감내할 맷집 키워야" 



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2007-03-09 오후 5:25:25
http://www.pressian.com/scripts/section/article.asp?s_menu=사회&amp;article_num=60070307164747
사법부를 비난하는 주 레파토리 중 하나가 '선출되지 않은 권력'이라는 말이다. 혹자는 "거리에서 수많은 피를 흘리며 정치적 민주화를 이뤘지만, '권력의 시녀'였던 사법부가 피 한 방울 흘리지 않고 민주화의 과실을 따먹고 있다"고 비판하기도 한다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;사실 우리나라 사법부의 역사적 맥락을 보면 현재 급격히 커진 사법부의 역할과 위상이나 사법부에 대한 국민적 관심도와 영향력에 비해 그 형성 과정이 과연 정당한 것인지, 신뢰할 만한 것인지에 대한 의심이 들 수밖에 없다는 것이고, 이런 '태생적 한계'가 사법불신의 주요 원인 중 하나로 꼽힌다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;특히 첫번째 기사(☞사법부, 한국사회의 중심에 서다)에서 언급했던 지난 2004년 헌법재판소의 대통령 탄핵심판 사건은 역사적 화두를 던진 사건이었다. 헌재의 탄핵심판은 헌법에 명시된 것이지만, 과연 '선출되지 않은 권력이 선출된 권력을 심판해도 되는 것이냐'는 질문이 헌법이나 정치학 강의실이 아니라 현실에서 제기된 것이다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;"민주주의 vs 법치주의"<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;홍윤기 동국대 철학과 교수는 &lt;헌법다시보기&gt;(함께하는시민행동 엮음)라는 책에서 대통령 탄핵심판 사건과 행정수도이전 위헌소송 사건에 대해 "대한민국 국민은 자신들이 뽑지 않았으며, 그 이름이나 경력도 생소한 인물들이 단지 사법고시에 합격한 뒤 법원이나 검찰에 오래 근무했다는 이유로 대통령 직선과 국가 선거의 절차를 밟은 국가정책을 일순간에 뒤집는 막강한 권력을 행사할 수 있음을 한 해에 두 번이나 체험해야 했다"며 사법부 구성의 한계를 지적했다. 사법부의 판단이 과연 민주적 정당성을 갖느냐는 문제제기였다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 





▲ 홍윤기, 박명림 교수 등 학자들과 사회운동가들이 펴낸 책 '헌법다시보기.' 이 책에는 "현재 헌법이 87년 정치 엘리트들의 합의의 결과일 뿐 현재의 다양한 사회적 가치를 반영하지 않고 있다"며 "이제 헌법의 전면적인 개정을 논의해야 한다"는 주장이 담겨 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;같은 책에서 박명림 연세대 국제대학원 교수는 "법적 판결이란 본질적으로 승리와 패배, 정의와 불의, 옳음과 그름을 가름해 법률적 승자와 패자를 판정해내는 속성을 갖는다는 점에서 민주주의 원칙인 균형과 타협, 공존(의 영역)을 축소시킨다"고 주장했다. 박 교수는 "'선출되지 않은 권력'인 (헌법)재판관들이 시민·인민의 집합의사에 우선할 수 있는가, 법치는 민주주의를 보장하고 발전시킬 수 있는가"라고 문제를 제기했다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;'선출되지 않은 권력' 대안이 '선거'는 아니다<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;그러나 '선출되지 않은 권력'이라는 비판이 대법관이나 헌법재판관을 '선거'로 선출해야 한다는 명제로 이어지는 것은 아니다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;대법관 등을 선거로 선출하면 민주주의의 원리를 구현할 수 있으나, 입법(국회) 행정(대통령)부에 이어 사법부까지 '다수파 지배' 하에 놓인다는 치명적 한계에 봉착한다. 특히 사법부가 '인권 최후의 보루'라는 사명을 가진 권력기관으로 소수자 보호의 임무가 있음을 감안하면 선거의 의한 선출이 사법부의 독립성을 저해할 수 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;실제로 최고사법기관의 법관이 일반적인 선거에 의해 선출되는 나라는 거의 없다. 미국 연방대법원은 국회의 동의에 의해 대통령이 임명하고, 독일의 헌법재판소는 연방의회와 연방참의원이 절반씩 선출해 대통령이 임명하며, 프랑스의 헌법원은 대통령과 국민회의 의장, 상원의장이 각 3명씩 임명을 한다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;우리나라도 대법원장 및 대법관은 국회의 동의절차를 거쳐 대통령이 임명하고, 헌법재판관은 유럽과 같이 국회와 대통령, 대법원장이 각 3명씩 선출하는 등 민주적 견제 장치를 마련해 두고 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;다만 우리나라의 경우 과거 독재정권 시절 사법부가 '권력의 시녀'라고 조롱당할 만큼 본래의 기능을 하지 못했고, 현재도 대통령과 의회 권력이 일치(여대야소)하는 경우가 많아 결과적으로 대법원장이나 대법관이 거의 대통령의 영향력을 벗어날 수 없는 것 아니냐는 비판이 제기되고 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;게다가 역사적으로 대법관의 성향이 보수 획일화 돼 있어 시민사회의 거센 비판을 받아왔다. 또 대법원장이 대법관을 제청하는 제도 등은 시민사회의 대법관 추천을 가로막고, 대법원장과 대법관 사이에 계급적 관계를 불러와 사법부 내 민주화를 저해한다는 비판을 받고 있기도 하다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;그러나 사법부의 독립을 위해 '다수 지배'라는 민주주의 구성원리에서 사법부가 제외돼야 한다는 데는 이견이 크지 않다. 그렇다면 '선출되지 않은 권력'이라는 태생적 한계를 보완하는 방법이 '선거' 외에 무엇이 있겠는가라는 문제와 맞닥뜨리게 된다. 이에 대해 대부분의 나라들이 배심제나 참심제와 같은 국민의 사법참여제도를 운영하고 있고, 우리나라도 '사법 민주화'의 과제로 '배심·참심제', '법조 일원화' 등을 추진하고 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;"완전무결하다는 아집 버려야"<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;하지만 이러한 제도적 개혁은 이미 많은 논의를 거쳤으나 사법부나 판사 개인의 의식 개혁에 대한 논의는 활발하게 이뤄지지 않았다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이와 관련해 지금까지 우리 사법부는 '판결 무결점주의' 등 권위주의·엘리트주의적 관점을 고수하며 시민사회와 소통하는 데 게을렀던 것이 사실이다. 사법부에서는 "사법부의 판결이 사회 갈등의 '종점'이 돼야 한다"는 관점을 갖고 있다. 이는 충분한 심리를 통해 설득력 있는 결론을 도출해야 한다는 '자기 다짐'이 담긴 말이지만, 모두를 만족시키겠다는 것 자체가 신기루일 수 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;박명림 교수는 "최고법원과 헌법재판소의 헌법적 판결이 '최고'(supreme)이자 '최종'(final)이며 '무오류'(infallible) 결정이라는 오랜 관념은 오류"라며 "특정 시점의 판결이 항상 보편타당한 최종 판결은 아니다"라고 주장했다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;박 교수는 이어 "실제로 헌법적 가치들은 법원과 헌법재판소를 포함한 사법적 행위자들과 의회, 시민단체, 행정부 등 비사법적 행위자들 사이의 상호작용의 결과이지 사법 행위자들에 의해 배타적으로 형성되는 것은 아니다"고 설명했다. 호주제, 국가보안법 위반에 대한 판결 등의 변화가 그 증거인 셈이다. 또 한편으로 우리 사법부는 구조적 한계에 의해 '시민사회'와의 상호작용이 충분치 않았다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;특히 최근 사실관계 판단에 그치지 않고 이념적 사건이나 정책판단에 관한 사건이 늘어나고 있는 점을 감안할 때, 사법부와 시민사회의 소통은 '사법부에 대한 민주적 통제'의 한 방식으로 여겨지며 더욱 중요한 과제로 떠오르고 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 





▲ 참여연대는 2005년부터 '사법감시' 활동의 일환으로 '판결비평'을 해오고 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;사법부, 광장으로 나와야…"판결은 국민에게 '수용'돼야 하는 것"<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이런 측면에서 의미있는 시도가 2005년부터 실시돼 온 참여연대의 '판결비평'이다. 한상희 참여연대 사법감시센터 소장(건국대 법학과 교수)은 '판결비평'에 대해 "판결문은 국민 모두가 공유하는 것이고 국민들의 승인을 받아야 되는 것"이라며 "법적으로는 끝이 났을지 몰라도 민주적인 측면에서는 국민들에게 수용되어야 하는 것"이라고 말했다.(☞관련기사 보기)<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이를 의식한 듯 최근 법원에서도 과거에 비해 판결문 공개에 적극적인 편이다. 불과 2~3년 전 만해도 '요청을 해야' 판결문을 제공했으나, 헌법재판소는 결정문 전체를 공개하고 있고 일반 각급 법원도 사회적 의미가 있는 '주요 판결'을 공개하고 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이와 관련해 법원의 '판결 공개'가 갖는 사회적 파급력이 얼마나 크고, 판결에 대한 사회적 논의가 얼마나 확장될 수 있는지 알 수 있는 사건이 김명호 전 교수의 '석궁사건'이었다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;지난 1월15일 '석궁사건'이 발생한 후 이틀 뒤인 17일, 김 전 교수 사건 항소심의 주심 판사였던 이정렬 판사는 법원 내부게시판에 "김 전 교수가 판결문 내용도 보지 않고 재판 결과만으로 테러를 감행한 것을 보고 당사자 설득을 위한 판결서 작성이 무슨 의미가 있는가에 관해 깊은 회의에 빠져 든다"고 말했다. 이 때까지만해도 판결문은 공개되지 않았었다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;그런데 그 다음 날인 18일 법원 홈페이지에는 김 전 교수에 대한 항소심 판결문 전문이 공개됐고, 전문이 언론을 통해 그대로 소개(☞관련기사 보기)되면서 인터넷에서 이 판결문에 대한 시민들의 갑론을박이 뜨겁게 펼쳐졌다. 판결문이 확산되고 논쟁이 일어나며 시민사회에서 '수용'되는 과정을 거친 것이다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 





▲ 김명호 전 교수의 '해직 사건' 항소심 판결문 전문을 소개한 기사에 달린 댓글들.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;판사들도 '비판' 수용하고 맷집 키워야<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;물론 이런 '판결 공개'에 대한 비판 여론도 만만치 않다. 확정 판결 전에 판결문이 공개돼 논란이 일어나면 항소심, 상고심 등에 영향을 미쳐 법관의 독립적인 판단에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것이다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;그럼에도 불구하고 판결 공개가 가져오는 '순기능'이 더 크다. 이미 언급했던 '판결 무결점 주의', '사법부와 국민과의 괴리' 등을 극복하기 위해 판결 공개 확대와 판결 비평 활성화는 매우 중요하다는 것.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;한 법조계 인사는 "언론을 통해 소개되는 판결은 극히 제한적이고 전달 방식도 지면 제한 등에 의해 판결의 핵심이나 진의가 와전되는 경우를 종종 볼 수 있다"며 "판결문 공개는 국민들이 사법부를 직접, 있는 그대로 이해하는 데 도움이 되고, 장기적으로는 신뢰형성으로 이어질 것으로 본다"고 말했다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;그는 또 "(석궁 사건은) 법관이 자신 있게 쓴 판결문이더라도, 법관의 관점과 일반인들의 관점이 다를 수밖에 없는 부분이 있다는 것을 깨닫게 해 준 사건 아니겠느냐"며 "이제 법관들도 자신의 '판단'이 최선이라는 생각에서 벗어나야 한다"고 말했다. 그는 "이제 법관들도 이런 논란을 감내할 수 있는 맷집과 판결에 대한 책임감을 지금보다 강화해야 한다"고 덧붙였다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;대법원 관계자도 "현재 법원이 추구하고 있는 재판 결과의 공개는 사법권력에 대한 불신과 권위를 회복하기 위한 것"이라고 말했다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 









▲ 배심제 모의 재판에 참여해 선서하고 있는 일반 시민들. ⓒ연합뉴스 <BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;배심·참심제, 이제 선택이 아닌 필수<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;제도적 '사법 민주화'의 방안들 가운데 현재 가장 진전된 것은 배심·참심제를 통한 '국민의 사법참여'다. 배심제는 '배심원단'을 이룬 일반 시민들이 유ㆍ무죄 등의 판단을 내리는 것이고, 참심제는 일반 국민이 법관과 동등한 위치에서 재판에 참여하는 방식을 말한다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;물론 배심제, 참심제에 대한 비판이 없는 것은 아니다. 과연 한국적 풍토에서 국민들이 배심이나 참심으로 활발하게 재판에 참여할 것인가의 문제가 있고, 이 제도를 채택하고 있는 외국에서도 과도한 비용, 배심·참심원의 전문성과 신뢰성 등이 문제되고 있기도 하다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;하지만 배심·참심제를 주장하는 측에서는 "배심·참심제를 통해 국민들이 사법부에 관심을 갖게 해야 한다"고 강조하고 있다. 그동안 사법부가 국민들과 괴리돼 있어 사법부는 국민들 눈 높이를 모르며, 결국 국민들은 사법부를 불신하고 무관심하게 되는 악순환이 되풀이된다는 것이다. 따라서 국민이 재판에 참여할 때 이러한 괴리가 사라지고 재판이 투명해지며, '법의 시민화'가 이뤄질 수 있다는 주장이다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;현재 '국민 참여 재판'이 이뤄지지 않고 있는 나라는 네덜란드, 일본, 한국, 사우디아라비아, 바레인 등인 것으로 알려졌으며, 일본도 2009년부터 참심제가 실시된다. 우리나라도 '사법개혁'의 일환으로 배심·참심제 도입을 위한 법률안이 2005년 국회에 제출됐지만, 지금까지 국회에 '계류 중'이다.<!---- //기사 본문 끝 ----><!---- 관련링크 기자 시작---->



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김하영/기자]]></description><image><url>http://www.pressian.com/images/2007/03/09/60070307164747.jpg</url><link>http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/1085907</link></image></item><item><author>외로운 발바닥</author><category>法</category><title>사법부, 한국사회의 중심에 서다 </title><link>http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/1085607</link><pubDate>Sat, 24 Mar 2007 17:58:00 +0900</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/1085607</guid><description><![CDATA[





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[사법불신, 왜?①]"인정 못해? 법원에 묻자" 



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2007-03-07 오후 7:15:48
http://www.pressian.com/scripts/section/article.asp?s_menu=사회&amp;article_num=60070307153859
&nbsp;"이 정도면 굿이라도 해야 할 판이다." 최근 사법부를 둘러싼 '잡음'을 두고 법원에 출입했던 한 기자는 "밖에서 보니 지난 1년 동안 사법부가 '뭇매'를 맞더라"라며 이같이 말했다. 현직 부장판사가 사법부의 수장인 이용훈 대법원장을 '사법불신의 축'으로 지목하는가 하면, 진실화해위원회의 긴급조치 판결 분석 공개, 김명호 전 성균관대 교수의 '석궁사건' 등을 통해 사법불신이 주요 사회현상으로 떠오르고 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;한 현직 판사는 "석궁사건 자체보다, 석궁사건 이후 보여진 국민들의 반응을 보고 큰 충격을 받았다"며 "원래 인터넷 댓글이 곧 여론이라고 믿지는 않지만, 같은 판사로서 법원을 비난하는 댓글이 압도적인 것을 보고 사법불신의 실체가 이런 것인가 하는 생각이 들어 착잡했다"고 말했다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이는 통계에서도 드러난다. '석궁사건' 직후 여론조사기관 '리얼미터'가 실시한 여론조사에 따르면, 조사대상 760명 중 77.3%가 '김 전 교수에 대한 판결문에 동의 못 한다'고 답했고, 59.5%는 '법원의 판결이 공정하지 않아 신뢰 못 한다'고 답했다. '석궁사건' 직후라는 시기적 특성이 개입된 조사결과이지만, '사법불신' 수준이 50%를 넘는다는 것은 매우 심각한 일이 아닐 수 없다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이에 대해 판사 출신의 한 변호사는 "사법불신은 원래 높을 수밖에 없다는 점을 인정해야 한다"고 말했다. 법원에 가면 승자와 패자가 있을 수밖에 없는데 절반의 패자는 감정적인 '불신'을 품을 수밖에 없다는 설명이다. 1년에 소송 사건이 100만 건이면, 법원은 항상 50만 명의 적을 만들고 있다는 것. 그는 다만 "패자에게는 질 수밖에 없었던 이유를 제대로 설명해야 하는데, 우리 법원이 그 부분에서 좀 미숙했던 것이 사실"이라고 덧붙였다. 그는 그 원인으로 '관료주의·권위주의적 법원 문화', '문서중심 재판진행의 관행' 등을 꼽았다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이런 설명으로도 최근 도드라지는 '사법불신' 풍조를 설명하기엔 부족하다. &lt;프레시안&gt;은 현재 나타나고 있는 '사법불신'의 원인을 다각도로 조명해보고, 이를 해소하기 위한 방안으로 제시되고 있는 논의를 살펴보고자 한다. 편집자<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 





▲ 사법부의 상징 대법원. ⓒ프레시안 <BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;'법조비리', '화이트칼라 범죄에 대한 온정주의', '미온적인 과거사 청산' 등 사법불신을 초래한 여러 가지 요소들이 있지만, 가장 큰 원인으로 꼽히는 것 중 하나가 '사법 중심화' 혹은, '사법 정치화', '사회의 사법화'이다. 언제부터인가 사법부가 한국사회의 정치·경제·사회·문화 거의 모든 분야의 주요 갈등이 대립하는 전쟁터가 됐고, 그러다보니 개인적 소송 당사자가 아닌, 일반 국민들의 사법부에 대한 관심도가 높아졌고, 높아진 관심만큼 '사법불신'의 절대적 외연이 확장됐다는 분석이다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;공교롭게도 이러한 '사법 중심화가 시작된 시점은 노무현 대통령의 취임과 일치한다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;은근슬쩍 사법부에 넘어간 정치권력…대통령 탄핵 사건으로 '권력 완성'<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;우선 노 대통령 취임과 동시에 실시된 '대북송금 특검.' 피고인은 박지원 전 문화부 장관, 임동원 전 국정원장 등 '실무자'에 불과했지만, 사실상 대북송금 특검의 피고인은 김대중 전 대통령이었다. 대통령이 행한 국가적인 고도의 통치행위라도 '사법적 정당성'을 얻지 않으면 당연히 사법처벌의 대상이 된다는 '사법 정치화'의 신호탄을 올렸다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이어 터진 '대선자금' 사건. 과거 사회적 관행으로 받아들여져 온 '불법 정치자금'이라는 공공연한 비밀이 검찰의 수사를 통해 국민 앞에 낱낱이 공개됐다. '차떼기'라는 말이 등장하며 정치권력이 희화화됐고 정치권 세대교체라는 결과를 낳았다. 십수 명의 국회의원들이 법원에 금배지를 반납한다는 사실을 언급하지 않더라도 사법부가 정치인의 수명을 좌우하게 된 상징적 사건 중의 하나이다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;사법 권력화의 정점은 '헌법재판소'에서 완성됐다. 국민의 투표로 선출된 대통령을 역시 국민의 투표로 선출한 국회의원들이 탄핵을 하였으나, 국민에 의해 선출되지 않은 헌재 재판관들이 재판을 통해 대통령을 복귀시켰다. 2004년 총선 뒤 내려진 판결은 '정답을 보고 사후에 쓴 답안지'라는 비판이 있었지만, 헌재 판단의 정당성 여부를 떠나 우리나라 법체계가 대통령 직(職)마저도 법원이 결정할 수 있는 구조라는 것을 현실로 보여준 셈이고, 처음으로 그 위력을 발휘한 사건이다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이어 헌재에서 또 다시 '대박'을 날렸다. 노 대통령의 최대 공약이었던 '행정수도 이전'을 좌초시킨 것. 헌재는 '관습헌법'이라는 이유를 들어 행정수도 이전을 위해서는 국민투표가 필요하다는 판단을 내렸다. 이번에도 헌재 판단에 대한 근거의 정당성 여부를 떠나 주요 '정치적', 혹은 '정책적' 사안이더라도 "일단 헌재에 묻고 본다"는 풍토가 생겨났다. 이는 정치권력이 스스로 권력을 사법부에 갖다 바친 꼴이 됐다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 





▲ 지난 2004년 대통령 탄핵 당시 탄핵심판이 벌어진 헌법재판소에 몰려와 시위를 벌이고 있는 시민들. ⓒ연합뉴스 <BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;대통령 권력도 무력화할 수 있는 헌재의 힘<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;홍윤기 동국대 철학과 교수는 최근 발간된 책 &lt;헌법 다시 보기&gt;(함께하는시민행동 엮음)에서 "2004년은 나뿐만 아니라 대한민국 국민 모두가 헌법이 전례 없이 국가 활동의 중심에서 권력정치와 민생을 좌우할 정도로 위력을 발휘할 수 있음을 직접적으로 체험한 해"라고 규정했다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;홍 교수는 "헌법을 근거로 한 그 무대의 주역들은 헌법재판소 재판관들이었다"며 "그들은 당시 16대 국회 재적의원 3분의 2의 찬성으로 통과한 대통령 탄핵안을 최종적으로 심판하는 위치에 서서 국민이 뽑은 현직 대통령의 명운을 장악했으며, 대통령선거의 공약으로 제시돼 유권자의 지지를 받았고 여야가 합의해 통과시킨 '신행정수도의 건설을 위한 특별조치법'의 법적 효력을 무효화할 수 있는 권력을 넘겨받았다"고 평가했다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이밖에도 국가보안법 개폐, 이라크·아프가니스탄 파병, 주한미군기지 이전, 양심적 병역거부 등 진보진영의 이슈는 물론, 개정 사학법 등 보수진영의 이슈까지 모두 헌재로 모여드는 현상이 가속화됐다. 박명림 연세대 국제대학원 교수는 같은 책에서 "정치·사회·인권·대외관계 핵심 의제들은 거의 전부 헌법적 결정의 문제로 귀결됐다"며 이를 두고 "'정치의 사법화' 내지는 '사회의 법률화' 경향의 심화"라고 표현했다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 





▲ 새만금사업에 대한 공개심리를 벌이고 있는 대법원 대법정 모습. ⓒ연합뉴스 
<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;국책사업 결정자는 사법부…이젠 4000만 국민이 재판 당사자<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;사법부가 내린 '중차대한 결정'은 정치 갈등뿐만이 아니었다. '단군 이래 최대의 토목사업이'라는 새만금 간척사업의 진행 여부가 법원에서 판가름 났고, 지율스님의 100일 단식으로 사회적 이슈가 된 경부고속철도 천성산 터널 구간 공사 여부도 법원에서 결정됐다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;황우석 박사의 '줄기세포 조작' 논란과 같은 과학적 이슈도 결국 검찰에서 진위가 가려졌다. 사실 줄기세포 사건에서 검찰의 본래 역할은 '업무방해', '횡령'과 같은 법률적 판단이었지만, 과학적 이슈의 심판자로 나섰고, 국민들이 이를 원했다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;또 민감한 내용이 담긴 영화나 출판물이 상영되거나 발간될 때는 당사자들이 사법부에 '가처분 신청'을 하는 것이 관례화될 정도로 '사법'은 문화ㆍ언론의 영역까지 파고들고 있다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;일반 국민들의 관심을 끌 만한 굵직한 경제사건도 많았다. 현재 삼성그룹의 지배구조 계승을 좌우할 '에버랜드 사건'이 수년 째 진행 중이고, SK그룹, 두산그룹, 현대차그룹은 비자금 사건으로 사법부로부터 철퇴를 맞았다. 재벌들에 대한 법원의 온정주의 판결도 '유전무죄, 무전유죄'라는 국민들의 전통적 '사법불신 코드'를 확대 재생산했다. '대선자금 수사'로 기소된 경제인들이 모두 집행유예 판결을 받았고, 두산그룹 비리 사건도 집행유예 처벌로 끝나는 등 국민들의 눈높이를 벗어난 판결이 많았다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이처럼 사법부가 정치·경제·사회·문화 전반에 걸친 주요 이슈에 대한 최종 판단자 역할을 하게 되면서 법원의 재판 당사자가 100만 명의 소송 관계인들을 넘어서 4000만 국민 대부분이 '당사자'가 된 셈이다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;이전 시대와 근본적으로 다른 '사법불신'의 차원<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;결국 사법부가 개개인 국민들의 생활에까지 영향을 미치는 존재가 되자 국민들의 관심도는 정치 영역에 버금가거나 오히려 정치에 대한 관심을 능가하기에 이르렀다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;특히 '호주제', '양심적 병역거부', '동성애자 호적 성별전환', '국가보안법 사건' 등 사회 소수자에 대한 판단이나 이념적으로 대립하는 이슈에 사법부가 적극적으로 개입하게 됨에 따라 국민적 관심이 '무력해진 정치의 영역'에서 국민들 삶에 즉각적 효력을 나타내는 사법부의 영역으로 전이되는 현상을 낳았다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;권력 전이 현상과 함께 전통적인 정치적 갈등이었던 국민들의 이념·세대·계층적 갈등의 무대가 사법부로 옮겨진 셈이다.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;게다가 '합의'가 통하는 정치영역과는 달리 사법부는 법적 승자와 패자를 가를 수밖에 없기 때문에 그만큼 사법부에 대한 적극적 찬성 혹은 적극적 반대 의사를 나타내는 층이 늘어난 것이다.
김하영/기자]]></description><image><url>http://www.pressian.com/images/2007/03/07/60070307153859.jpg</url><link>http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/1085607</link></image></item><item><author>외로운 발바닥</author><category>法</category><title>[심층진단] 단독개업은 ‘멀고도 험난한 길’ </title><link>http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/1039920</link><pubDate>Sun, 14 Jan 2007 17:31:00 +0900</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/1039920</guid><description><![CDATA[



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[심층진단] 단독개업은 ‘멀고도 험난한 길’ [조인스] 
부와 명예의 상징은 ‘옛말’ 전문성 없으면 밥그릇 챙기기도 어렵다<BR>[달라진 위상! 한국의 노블리스 직업연구 ①] 변호사 上 <!--// s : 기사내용 //-->






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■ 하늘의 별이 된 ‘로펌 변호사’<BR>■ 사무실 유지비 월 평균 1,000만 원 마련 급급<BR>■ 변호사 세계도 심한 양극화<BR>■ 브로커 유혹 뿌리치기 어려운 구조가 문제<BR>■ 대기업 사내 변호사제도 늘고 채용도 급증<BR><BR>우리 사회의 변화 속도는 가히 초고속이다. 직업의 세계도 변화의 물결로 요동치고 있다. 전통적인 우리 사회 主流 직업의 현재는 과거와 현저히 달라졌다. 그 외양과 속내를 샅샅이 해부하는 시리즈를 시작한다. 그 첫 번째, 변호사! 

“내가 이러고 있을 때인가?”<BR><BR>T(40) 변호사는 가슴까지 답답해졌다. 검사로 근무하던 2006년 9월 어느 날의 일이다. 날마다 일에 파묻혀 있다 모처럼 집에서 쉬어 보는 휴일 오전이었다. 느지막하게 일어났지만 몸이 천근만근이었다. 머릿속은 마치 실타래가 제멋대로 뒤엉켜 있는 느낌이었다. 검사를 계속할 것인가, 말 것인가? 밤새 뒤척인 까닭이다.<BR><BR>고민의 근원은 돈 문제였다. T검사의 월급은 300만 원대. 검사 경력 10년이 다 돼가지만 그 수준이었다. 가족 생활비로도 빠듯했다. 중학생인 딸과 초등학교 고학년인 아이 둘이 크는 만큼 과외비가 늘었다. 가계부에는 점차 빨간색이 짙어졌다.<BR><BR>그는 아직 집이 없다. 법원·검찰청이 가까운 서울 서초동 32평형 아파트를 보증금 2억5,000만 원에 전세를 얻어 살고 있다. 다 알려진 대로 최근 몇 년 동안 집값이 천정부지로 뛰어올랐다. 검사 월급으로는 지금 사는 동네에서 도저히 집을 살 수 없다는 사실이 더욱 절망스럽다.<BR><BR>T검사는 그로부터 한 달쯤 뒤인 10월 중순께 결국 옷을 벗었다. 돈 걱정에서 해방되려면 그 길밖에 없었다. 그리고 직전까지 근무하던 서울 시내 한 지원 앞에 곧 변호사 간판을 내걸었다. 변호사로 성공하려면 유능한 사무장이 꼭 필요하다는 충고를 여러 선배 변호사로부터 들었지만 변호사 업계에서 소문난 ‘베테랑’은 쓰지 못했다. 월급이 예상보다 ‘셌기’ 때문이었다.<BR><BR>










▶8,400여 명에 달하는 한국 변호사들의 심장부인 서울 서초동 대한변호사협회.2006년 11월 초 ‘영업 준비’는 그런대로 마쳤지만 여전히 걱정이 태산이다. 이제부터는 무슨 수를 쓰더라도 한 달에 최소 2,000만 원은 벌어야 한다. 20평대 사무실 월세에 사무장과 여직원 인건비, 기타 잡비를 합해 한 달 사무실 유지비만 대략 1,000만 원 선이다. 생활비와 자신의 용돈까지 합치면 또 그만한 액수의 돈이 필요하다.<BR><BR>개업 후 1주일여 동안 T변호사는 그야말로 책상을 지키고 앉아 파리만 날렸다. 주변의 선배 변호사들이 이런 모습을 보기가 안 됐던지 가끔 위로 겸 덕담(?)을 건넨다. 대체로 “검사 출신이어서 ‘전관예우’를 기대하는 의뢰인이 적지 않을 것이니 걱정하지 말라”는 내용이었다.<BR><BR>조금 겁나는 이야기도 들려온다. “전관예우도 같이 근무하는 검사가 남아 있을 때 통한다. 그 기회를 최대한 활용해 평생 먹고살 돈을 벌어야 한다. 그것도 현직 판·검사가 뒤따라 옷을 벗지 않았을 때 가능하다”는 것이다.<BR><BR>그런데 요즘 T변호사는 불안한 마음을 가라앉히지 못하고 있다. 관할 법원과 검찰에서 부장급 이상 판사 1명과 검사 2명이 ‘더 이상 승진을 기대하기 어려워’ 옷을 벗는다는 흉흉한(?) 소문이 돌고 있어서다. 그것이 현실화하면 평검사 출신인 T변호사는 그들에게 ‘끗발’에서 밀릴 수밖에 없다.<BR><BR>검사 옷 벗어던진 T변호사의 고뇌<BR><BR>T변호사는 사건 수임을 위해 사무장의 조언을 얻어 직접 발로 뛰고 있다. 명색이 범죄를 다스리던 검사 출신으로서 ‘브로커 활용’이라는 불법은 저지르고 싶지 않아서다. 개업 후 한 달여 동안 브로커로 보이는 네댓 명이 제 발로 찾아왔지만 일단은 다 물리쳤다. 자신의 능력으로 버틸 때까지는 버텨 보자는 심산이다.<BR><BR>그러나 짧지만 시간이 흐를수록 ‘결코 만만찮은’ 변호사시장의 냉엄한 현실을 깨닫고 있다. 이대로 가다가는 브로커의 유혹에 넘어갈지 모른다는 두려움이 점점 커지고 있다. T변호사는 지금 검사 시절보다 더 깊은 고뇌의 바다에 빠져 있다.<BR><BR>T변호사는 이렇게 말한다.<BR><BR>“내가 5년 전에만 변호사 개업을 했어도 현재 하고 있는 고민은 거의 하지 않았을 것이다. 막상 세상 밖으로 나와 보니 청사 안에서 생각했던 것보다 변호사를 해서 돈을 번다는 것이 훨씬 어렵다는 것을 절감하고 있다. 기왕 벗을 검사 옷이었다면 왜 이렇게 늦었는지 지금은 후회가 된다. 한마디로 현재 우리나라 변호사시장은 수요와 공급 모두 포화 상태다.”<BR><BR>










▶서울 서초동 법조타운 인근 지하철 교대역 4거리를 중심으로 변호사 사무실이 밀집해 있다. 사진 속의 변호사 이름은 기사의 특정 사실과 관계 없음.그의 말대로 우리나라의 변호사는 최근 들어 급격히 늘어나는 추세다. 현재 한국의 변호사는 총 8,402명이다. 2006년 6월9일 현재 대한변호사협회에 회원으로 등록된 수가 그것이다. 국내에서 변호사 개업을 하려면 반드시 대한변협에 회원 등록을 해야 하므로 국내 전체 변호사 현황이라고 봐도 좋다.<BR><BR>대부분 개인회원(7,623명)이고 준회원(779명)이 이 안에 포함돼 있다. 준회원은 변호사 자격은 있으나 일시 휴업 중이거나 판·검사 등 공직에 근무 중이어서 변호사 업무를 수행하지 않는 경우다. <BR><BR>또 실제 변호사 활동을 하는 개인회원 중에는 법무법인 구성원(2,255명)이나 소속 변호사(951명)로, 또는 공증·합동법률사무소 구성원(306명)으로 활동하는 경우가 46%로 거의 절반에 육박한다. 그 나머지(4,111명)가 혼자 사무실을 운영하는 ‘단독개업’ 또는 ‘고용’ 형태로 변호사 활동을 하고 있다.<BR><BR>변호사의 급증은 2001년 시작된 사법시험 합격자 1,000명 시대와 함께 본격화했다. 2006년 994명을 포함해 지난 6년 동안 사시 합격자만 5,899명에 달한다. 2년 동안의 사법연수원 수료 후 곧바로 변호사 활동을 시작한 수가 해마다 400~500명에 이른다. 한마디로 최근 들어 변호사가 쏟아져 나오고 있다고 해도 과언이 아니다.<BR><BR>이렇듯 변호사가 많다 보니 진로를 놓고 사법연수원 시절부터 경쟁이 시작된다. 진로에 결정적 영향을 미치는 것은 성적이다. 특히 사법시험 성적에 2학기 기말고사 성적, 4학기 기말고사 성적을 합산한 결과가 사법연수원생들의 진로를 결정한다.<BR><BR>‘단독개업 싫어!’ 예비 변호사 Q씨의 도전 <BR><BR>사법연수원 김종민(부장검사) 교수는 최근 수료생들의 진로 선택에 대한 새로운 경향을 이렇게 설명했다.<BR><BR>“공공기관·기업체와 같은 비법조 직역에 대한 진출자와 진출 기관이 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 대형 로펌으로 진로를 선택하는 성적 상위권자가 늘어난 것도 달라진 현상이다. 2007년 2월 제대를 앞둔 군 법무관들도 대부분 판·검사를 지망했던 과거 경향과 달리 대형 로펌 진출을 선호하고 있다. 최근 사법시험 합격자가 늘면서 법률 전문가 저변이 확대되고, 그 결과 법률 서비스 영역이 다변화하는 현상의 반영으로 본다. 긍정적이고 바람직한 변화로 생각한다.”<BR><BR>



<BR>2007년 2월 사법연수원 수료를 앞둔 예비 변호사 Q(여·26)씨. 그가 요즘 벌이고 있는 취업 도전기는 신참 변호사들의 달라진 생각을 그대로 보여준다.<BR><BR>그는 2006년 10월 말 사법연수원 4학기 기말시험이 끝난 후 자신의 성적이 판·검사를 지원하기 어렵다는 것을 알게 됐다. 그래서 신입 변호사를 뽑는 이른바 ‘대형’ 법무법인 13곳을 취업 목표로 삼아 모두 지원서를 냈다. “일을 많이 배울 수 있는 큰 로펌에 가는 것이 길게 볼 때 변호사로서 유리할 것”이라는 생각에서였다.<BR><BR>그러나 12월 중순까지 모두 7곳으로부터 ‘거절’ 응답을 이메일로 받았다. 그때까지 단 1곳에서 면접시험을 봤지만 취업 문은 끝내 열리지 않았다. 그가 지원했던 나머지 법무법인에서는 지금껏 아무런 연락이 없어 사실상 포기한 상태다. “성적이 로펌에서 원하는 기준에 못 미치고, 영어도 내세울 만큼 능통하지 못한 보통 수준이어서 불합격한 것 같다”고 나름대로 진단하고 있다.<BR><BR>그 뒤로는 상대적으로 규모가 큰 회계법인을 상대로 취업 도전을 하고 있다. 그는 2006년 12월 말부터 오는 3월 말 사이에 변호사를 뽑는 공공기관 취업에 더 큰 희망을 걸고 있다. 사법연수원생들 사이에서는 공공기관 중에서는 헌법재판소·감사원·재정경제부·금융감독원·공정거래위원회 등이 인기 직장이다. “일의 전문성이 높고, 어디에서나 경력을 인정받을 수 있으며, 지방 근무가 없다는 점이 매력으로 꼽힌다”고 그는 말했다.<BR><BR>단독개업에 대해 그는 “지금은 전혀 고려하지 않고 있다”고 했다. “경험이 부족해 성공에 자신이 없는데다 아직 더 배워야 한다”는 생각 때문이다. 그는 그것을 “지금 생각으로는 가능하다면 가장 피하고 싶은 진로”로 여긴다.<BR><BR>



<BR>변호사의 활동 형태는 크게 단독개업·법무법인·고용 등으로 나뉜다. ‘단독개업’은 말 그대로 변호사 혼자 사무실을 열고 혼자 활동하는 것이다. 흔히 로펌으로 불리는 ‘법무법인’은 말 그대로 회사다. 소속 변호사는 회사 내 지위와 하는 일에 따라 일정한 보수를 받고 회사를 위해 일한다. <BR><BR>‘고용’은 단독개업 변호사로부터 월급을 받는 변호사로, 업계에서는 흔히 ‘새끼 변호사’로 불린다. 합동법률사무소는 여러 명의 변호사가 비용 절감, 정보 공유 등의 장점을 살리기 위해 사무실을 함께 쓰는 것일 뿐 변호사들의 활동은 단독개업과 다를 바 없다.<BR><BR>하늘의 별이 된 로펌 변호사<BR><BR>Q씨의 도전기에서도 나타나듯 요즘 변호사들에게 로펌의 인기는 하늘을 찌른다. 사법연수원 수료자 중 2006년(35기) 181명, 2005년(34기)에는 178명이 로펌으로 향했다. 특히 2006년에는 단독개업보다 69명이 많은 역전 현상을 나타내 그 인기를 실감케 하고 있다. 이는 젊은 변호사들에게서만 볼 수 있는 현상이 아니다. <BR><BR>이른바 전관예우를 받을 위치에 있는 판·검사 출신 변호사들은 줄줄이 로펌행을 택하고 있다. 현재 국내에서 변호사가 20명 이상인 16개 대형 로펌에 소속된 판·검사 출신 변호사는 무려 347명에 이른다. 그중 국내 최대 법률사무소로 꼽히는 ‘김&amp;장’에만 가장 많은 79명이 포진해 있고, 화우(45명)·태평양(34명)·바른(34명)이 그 뒤를 이었다. 이는 시민단체인 참여연대 사법감시센터가 2006년 11월21일 발표한 ‘로펌의 지배와 사법감시’ 자료에서 드러난 것이다. <BR><BR>이에 따르면 로펌행 판·검사 출신 변호사는 16명(2004년), 44명(2005년), 48명(2006년 8월 현재) 등으로 해를 거듭하며 급증해 최근 5년 사이에만 161명에 달했다. 그들의 재조 시절 직급도 무척 화려한 편이다. 법관 출신 변호사 98명 중 대법관급 이상 8명, 법원장급 12명, 고법 부장급 5명, 지법 부장급 31명이었고 일반 판사급은 41명이었다. 검사 출신 변호사도 마찬가지로 42명 중 검사장급 이상 13명, 고등검사급 25명, 평검사급 26명 등으로 집계됐다. <BR><BR>한마디로 ‘잘나가는 변호사’는 대부분 로펌에 모여 있는 셈이다. 로펌에서 그들에 대한 예우는 연봉으로 따져 6억~27억 원 수준으로 일반인의 상상을 초월한다. 2006년 국회 법사위원인 김동철(열린우리당 광주 광산) 의원이 국정감사 과정에서 공개한 것이다. 그들의 월평균 급여는 구체적으로 대법관 출신은 8,000만~2억 원, 법원장급 7,000여 만 원, 부장판사급 6,500여 만 원, 일반 판사급 5,000여 만 원인 것으로 알려졌다. <BR><BR>도대체 로펌이 어떤 곳이기에 이런 현상이 벌어질까? 한국에서 성공적인 로펌 변호사로서 한 전형을 보여주는 법무법인 태평양의 이형석(40) 변호사를 통해 그 내부를 한번 들여다보자.<BR><BR>






▶예비 법조인들의 산실인 경기도 일산 사법연수원. 2001년 사시 합격자 1,000명 시대 이후 1년에 400~500명의 변호사가 양산되고 있다.<BR>그는 현재 태평양 내에서 ‘구성원(파트너) 변호사’다. 태평양에서 구성원은 회사 내 거의 모든 의사결정 과정에 참여하고, 소득도 구성원들의 합의에 의거해 나눠 갖는 로펌의 주인이다. 반면 ‘소속(어소시에이트) 변호사’는 구성원 변호사에게 고용된 월급쟁이다.<BR><BR>그는 서울대 법대를 졸업한 이듬해인 1988년 사법시험(제31회)에 합격했다. 공군 법무관을 제대하던 해인 1995년 태평양에 입사했다. 그는 애초에 판사를 희망했고, 성적도 판사로 임용될 수 있을 만큼 우수했다. 그러나 그는 공군 법무관으로 근무하면서 생각이 바뀌어 진로를 로펌으로 급선회했다. 그때 ‘바뀐 생각’을 그는 이렇게 설명했다.<BR><BR>“법조 직업도 전문가가 돼야 살아남을 수 있는데, 로펌으로 가야 내가 전문가가 될 수 있다는 생각이 들었다. 한국사회의 지배체제가 관에서 민으로 전환하는 현실에서 로펌 변호사는 조직적이고 체계적인 업무와 교육으로 전문가로 성장할 수 있는 좋은 방법으로 여겨졌다. 태평양은 판·검사로 임용될 수 있는 성적과 능력을 요구하는데, 그 관문을 통과해 입사했다.”<BR><BR>사내 변호사도 인기 짱! <BR><BR>태평양에는 현재 업무영역별로 20개 팀이 있다. 입사 1년차와 2년차 때 자신이 원하는 2개 부서를 경험하게 한 후 자신의 전문 영역을 결정하도록 한다. 그 역시 그 과정을 거쳐 기업 전문가로 성장해 기업 일반, 기업 인수합병 분야에서 맹활약하고 있다.<BR><BR>그는 또 태평양의 해외연수제도를 한껏 활용해 2001년 미국으로 건너갔다. 그 기회에 그는 미 캘리포니아주 웨스턴대 대학원에서 법학석사 학위를 취득했고, 동시에 미국 뉴욕주 변호사 자격증을 따내 전문성을 높였다.<BR><BR>“로펌에서 성공하려면 업무 능력이 뛰어나야 하는 것은 기본이다. 태평양에서는 클라이언트를 만족시킬 수 있도록 일을 잘해야 한다. 로펌이 윤리나 애국심을 저버리고 돈만 좇는다는 비판이 있지만, 클라이언트의 정당한 이익을 위해 일하는 것이다. 태평양에서 업무는 혼자가 아니라 팀을 이뤄 추진한다. 그래서 태평양에서는 내부 구성원 간 ‘인화’를 중시한다. 그리고 구성원 변호사가 되려면 소속 변호사의 업무 능력 제고를 위해 교육할 수 있는 능력도 있어야 한다.”<BR><BR>로펌은 업무 강도가 높기로도 유명하다. 이 변호사는 태평양을 예로 들어 “밤 12시를 넘기는 것이 다반사일 만큼 일이 많다”고 인정하면서도 “그러나 가정에 소홀하지 않도록 배려한다”는 말도 잊지 않았다. 대형 로펌이 변호사들에게 선망의 대상이 되는 이유를 이 변호사의 말에서도 짐작할 수 있다.<BR><BR>최근 들어 변호사의 기업체 진출 또한 급속히 늘어나는 추세다. 사내 변호사제도가 그것이다. 사내 변호사는 기업체에서 직원으로 상근하는 변호사를 말한다. 사내 변호사제도는 국내에서는 삼성그룹이 1990년대 말에 처음 도입했고, 그 영향으로 2000년대 들어 여러 기업체에서 경쟁적으로 이 제도를 받아들였다는 것이 변호사 사회의 정설이다.<BR><BR>사내 변호사는 법률만능사회인 미국에서 발달한 제도다. 미국 씨티그룹은 1,500여 명, 제너럴일렉트릭(GE)은 1,000여 명에 이를 만큼 미국에서는 사내 변호사제도가 거의 일반화돼 있다. 미국사회에서는 사내 변호사가 ‘회사 권리 보호의 최후 보루’라는 인식이 강하고 그 역할을 담당하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이제 국내 기업체에서도 법무실·법무팀·법제팀 등의 이름으로 사내 변호사 조직을 공식적으로 설치·운영하는 것이 낯설지 않은 현상이 됐다.<BR><BR>물론 삼성그룹을 비롯한 사내 변호사의 주력은 판·검사를 역임한 이른바 재조(在曹) 출신들이다. 이종왕 법률고문 겸 법무실장으로 대표되는 삼성그룹 법무실도 마찬가지다. 그런데 1999년 2월 사법연수원 수료자(28기)를 대상으로 처음 공채를 실시해 사내 변호사 7명을 뽑은 곳도 삼성그룹이었다. 그 이후 삼성그룹은 연수원 수료 변호사를 한 해도 거르지 않고 2~9명씩 뽑고 있다.<BR><BR>사법연수원 수료자 중 기업체 진출자가 35기(2006년 2월 수료)만 하더라도 895명 중 총 47명에 이른다. 사법연수원 집계에 따르면 기업체 진출자가 2002년 2월 수료생인 31기 때는 17명이었지만 25명(32기), 38명(33기), 52명(34기) 등 해마다 단위가 달라질 만큼 많이 증가하고 있다. 진출 기업체도 13개(31기), 15개(32기), 23개(33기), 41개(34기), 33개(35기) 등으로 대폭 확산하는 추세는 마찬가지다.<BR><BR>이 통계에서 보듯 사내 변호사제도가 진로를 고민하던 신참 변호사들에게 새로운 활로를 열어주는 역할을 한 것이다. 변호사들은 자신들의 활동 무대가 기업체로까지 넓어졌다는 점에서 이 현상을 ‘직역 확대’로 받아들이고 대체로 환영하는 분위기다. 그것은 분명 변호사 사회의 새로운 변화의 물결이다.<BR><BR>기업체 입장에서는 “투명경영 시대에 법률을 잘 몰라 회사가 떠안지 않아도 될 부담을 사전에 원천적으로 차단한다”는 예방 강화 차원에서 사내 변호사를 받아들이는 데 매우 적극적이다. 과거 기업의 변호사 활용은 고문 변호사나 로펌 변호사들에게 사건이 발생한 후 뒤처리를 위임하는 수준에 그쳤다.<BR><BR>사내 변호사는 단순히 각종 수사나 소송에 대응하는 송무 업무를 하는 데 그치지 않는다. CEO가 중요한 의사결정을 할 때 ‘법률적 조언자’ 역할을 하거나 핵심 사업의 경우 추진 초기 단계부터 관여해 기업의 이익을 극대화하는 데 기여하고 있다는 것이 사내 변호사들의 주장이다.<BR><BR>한화그룹 구조조정본부 정상식 변호사는 사내 변호사의 임무를 “회사의 제반 경영과 관련한 법적 위험을 방지하거나 최소화하고, 상업적 기회를 확보하는 것”이라고 명쾌하게 정리했다.<BR><BR>“단순한 법률 서비스는 외부 변호사들이 더 잘할 수 있다. 그러나 사내 변호사는 소속 기업의 일반 현황과 생리 등에 관한 지식과 정보를 정확하게 파악하고 있다. 따라서 훨씬 효율적이고 구체적인 맞춤형 서비스가 가능하다는 점이 장점이다.”<BR><BR>변호사에 대한 기업체의 대우는 판·검사 경험 유무, 변호사 경력 등에 따라 천차만별이다. 하지만 기업체의 변호사 대우는 그 전문성을 인정해 대체로 후한 편이다. 갓 연수원을 마친 변호사도 대기업에 입사하면 최소한 과장 대우는 받는다. 앞에서 말한 정상식 변호사는 2005년 9월 한화그룹에 입사해 현재 직급이 상무이사다. 1993년 사법시험에 합격한 정 변호사는 1996년부터 만 10년간 검사로 근무한 경력을 인정받은 것이다. &lt;계속&gt;<BR><BR>윤석진 월간중앙 기자 [grayoon@joongang.co.kr]]]></description></item><item><author>외로운 발바닥</author><category>法</category><title>[기고] 법-검 영장갈등을 보면서 / 채동배 </title><link>http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/1009071</link><pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2006 18:37:00 +0900</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/1009071</guid><description><![CDATA[


[기고] 법-검 영장갈등을 보면서 / 채동배



[한겨레 2006-11-28 18:12] &nbsp; &nbsp;

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[한겨레] 최근 검찰이 론스타의 수뇌부에 대한 체포영장을 청구한 데 대하여 법원이 영장실질심사에서 계속하여 세번이나 영장을 기각한 사건이 있었다. 검찰은 증거 포착이 어려운 이 사건을 심도있게 수사하여 기소유지를 해야 할 뿐 아니라 다른 사건들과의 형평성을 고려할 때 론스타 간부진의 구속이 필요하다는 주장이었고, 법원은 그들을 체포할 만한 충분한 증거가 없으니 먼저 충분한 증거를 제시하라는 것이었다. 한국에서는 최근 사법개혁과 형사소송법 개정 논의가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 미국의 불구속기소 원칙을 도입한 형사소송법 개정의 정신은 피의자의 인권을 보장하고 수사를 투명하게 함으로서 민주주의적 사법제도를 확립하겠다는 의미일 것이다. 
그렇다면 미국에서는 영장발부와 불구속기소라는 두 원칙이 어떻게 조화를 이루는가? 미국의 판사가 체포영장을 발부할 때 기준으로 삼는 척도는 연방헌법에 규정되어 있는 대로 “체포할 필요가 있다고 믿을 만한 이유”이다. 약간 막연하게 들릴지 모르지만 검찰(경찰)은 어느 정도의 수사를 진행한 결과 혹은 수사관이 현장에서 목격한 사건을 수사한 결과 “범죄행위가 있(었)다고 믿을 만한 증거가 있고 그 범죄행위의 혐의자가 있다”는 전제 아래 혐의자에 대한 영장 발부를 청구한다. 영장 발부의 근본 목적은 일단 피의자의 신병을 확보하고 그에게 혐의 내용을 고지함과 동시에 앞으로 있을 재판에 성실히 출두하겠다는 약속을 받는 것이다. 그런 다음 피의자가 보석금을 영치하면 즉시 구속상태를 풀어준다. 
검찰은 피의자를 일단 체포해놓고 억압적인 분위기에서 수사를 진행하기 위하여 영장을 청구한다는 마음가짐을 버려야 한다. 막강한 국가 권력을 등에 업고 있는 검찰엔 항상 힘 없는 피의자의 인권을 존중하는 태도가 필요하다. 설혹 구속상태에서 수사를 진행하더라도 변호인의 도움을 받을 권리와 증언거부권을 반드시 보장해 주어야 한다. 
미국의 형사재판에서 피의자의 유무죄를 판정할 때는 적어도 “합리적인 의심을 가질 수 없을 정도의 명백한 증거”가 있어야 비로소 유죄로 평결할 수가 있다. 이렇게 비교해보면 한국의 영장심사는 “체포할 필요가 있다고 믿을 만한 이유”를 훨씬 넘어 “합리적인 의심을 가질 수 없을 정도의 명백한 증거”의 척도를 가지고 피의자의 체포 여부를 결정하는 것처럼 보인다. 그것은 검찰에 대한 지나친 요구인 것처럼 생각된다. 
미국의 판사는 하루에 20~30건에 이르는 영장청구를 심사하는 경우가 많기 때문에 한국의 영장심사처럼 사건 하나에 10시간 이상씩 많은 시간을 배정할 여유가 없다. 영장 심사는 피의자의 출두 혹은 변호사의 변론없이 판사단독으로 판사실에서 서류검토만으로 진행하는 것이 원칙이다. 검사(경찰관)이 제출한 영장청구서에 “체포할 필요가 있다고 믿을만한 이유”가 있다고 판정하면 즉시 영장을 발부한다. 
검찰은 형사소송의 목적이 결코 피의자에 대한 징벌이나 복수를 위한 것이 아니라 진리를 발견하여 정의를 실현하는 일이라는 신념을 가져야 한다. 판사는 피의자에게 형사소송법상의 모든 보호조처를 보장해 주어야 하겠지만 그렇다고 검찰을 적대적인 자세에서 대할 것이 아니다. 판사는 오직 공정하고 불편부당한 중립자의 형편에서 영장을 검토해야 한다. 판사가 영장심사할 때에는 지나친 증거를 요구할 것이 아니고 “체포할 필요가 있다고 믿을 만한 이유”의 척도를 가지고 판단하는 것이 타당하다고 생각한다. 
채동배/미국 달라스시 법원 판사 ]]></description></item><item><author>외로운 발바닥</author><category>法</category><title>Korean Law Firms...</title><link>http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/891919</link><pubDate>Wed, 07 Jun 2006 00:36:00 +0900</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/891919</guid><description><![CDATA[Korea
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REPUBLIC OF KOREA
South Korea’s economy is still performing more slowly than the government would like, but is showing signs of picking up. Seoul’s government is bringing in measures to boost infrastructure projects in a bid to inject life into the economy, but a strong won currency and high oil prices are raising costs for companies and acting as a deterrent to the investment needed to sustain growth.
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In August 2005, Finance Minister Han Duck-soo said South Korea’s economy was recovering more slowly than anticipated because of lagging growth in corporate investment, despite construction companies taking a lead in this area.
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“The overall economy is not improving fast enough to meet our expectations, but it is showing clear signs of recovery,” Han told Bloomberg. “Leading indicators show corporate investment is unlikely to show a full recovery for some time.”
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Tax cuts and record-low rates have increased consumer spending over the past few months. South Korea also signed a free trade agreement with Singapore in August 2005. The comprehensive pact with Seoul’s 10th largest trading partner also includes the ‘Kaesong provision’, to help North Korea export goods produced in the Kaesong Industrial Complex.&nbsp;
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Foreign investors still express concern at the rigidity of South Korea’s labour regulations and the need for more constructive relations between management and workers. South Korea still has a less than impressive track record for labour strikes, although the mood appears to be changing with a less sympathetic public perceiving the strikes as less about suffering workers’ lack of rights and more about personal interest. South Korea’s labour law is protective of labour and makes it hard for employers to release workers.
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South Korea’s underdeveloped financial markets and a general lack of regulatory transparency are also key concerns for investors.&nbsp;
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All government agencies are now required to allow employees to work five days instead of six, which was the former practice. This is part of recent legislation by the government to reduce the working week to 40 hours, with the aim of having a five-day week for all companies, private companies included, by 2008. The government plan is the result of pressure from labour organizations as well as family groups and environmentalists, who see the benefit of energy saving. As a result of the new working week, many recreational companies are springing up to cater for the extra free day, but corporations are generally unhappy with the new working arrangement.
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There are also concerns that Korea’s real estate market is overheating and that if the bubble bursts, a recession could follow. The government has been intervening in the real estate market. This included a bid by President Roh Moo-hyun to move the administrative capital from Seoul to the Chung-cheong provincial area to ease urban congestion in Seoul and achieve balanced development around the capital. However, this proposal was faced with opposition from the public and a rejection by the Constitutional Court. The ruling was remarkable also because it showed that courts are now standing up to the president. South Korea’s presidents have often wielded a lot of power, despite its recent democratization.&nbsp;
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On the North-South front, the atmosphere at Panmunjom is still decidedly frosty. Recent six-party talks came to an abrupt end despite a promising opening. But away from politics, the quiet wheels of business have ensured that relations between the North and South are more relaxed than they have been for several years.
The nuclear threat still looms, particularly with North Korea announcing its status as a nuclear power in May 2005, but moves by the South to send food aid and the prospect of an exchange whereby Seoul provides a power grid by 2008 (sufficient for the North’s electricity needs in return for the North giving up its nuclear ambitions), mean that while there is an enormous gulf to be filled, the chances of a nuclear standoff are not as high as they have been.&nbsp;
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South Korea appears to be taking concrete steps to promote itself as a north Asia hub, with the development of foreign economic zones using tax incentives. But the government is going beyond the financial side to draw foreigners in, by concentrating on upgrading education facilities and trying to encourage the establishment of more foreign schools, as well as improving healthcare.
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Legal &amp; Legislative Developments
There have been numerous legal developments in Korea over the past year. The amended Lawyers Act, which became effective on July 27 2005, allows the establishment of a law firm in the form of a limited liability company or a limited liability partnership. Many law firms are expected to change their legal firm to the newly available one.&nbsp;
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An amended version of the Securities Exchange Act was introduced in March 2005 to help the management in companies to guard against hostile takeovers. The amended law now requires an investor to disclose the purpose of its investment if acquiring a 5% share or more in a company.&nbsp; It also requires an unlisted company belonging to a large group of companies to disclose important matters relating to management.&nbsp;
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The legislation is a response to Korean industry complaints that Korean companies must be given adequate protection against foreign companies’ acquisition efforts. The amended act has been lambasted as taking a protective stance over domestic companies, when Korea should be ensuring that its markets are more open if it want to encourage FDI.
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The Foreign Investment Promotion Act (FIPA) has also been amended, effective January 1 2005, under which the government can award cash subsidies to foreign investors. The Korean government expects the cash-grant subsidy programme to actively attract research centres and manufacturers of high-tech parts and materials.
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The Korea Fair Trade Commission has also introduced the automatic cartel leniency programme, whereby the offender who first confesses to cartel activity is exempted from sanctions. This antitrust law is being actively enforced by the commission and major player in competition law Lee &amp; Ko is expecting a steep rise in antitrust cases over the next few years.
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Early in 2005, Korea’s National Assembly passed the Act Concerning the Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy of Debtors or the Unified Insolvency Act, effective from April 2006. This act consolidates Korea’s previously diverse insolvency laws, namely the Bankruptcy Act, the Composition Act and the Corporate Reorganization Act.&nbsp;
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Local Law Firms
Under its agreement with the World Trade Organization, Korea is obligated to open up its legal market. The proposal submitted by Korea to the WTO in March 2004 allows foreign law firms to open representative offices in Korea to consult on “international and foreign law problems”. Under the proposal, foreign law firms will be allowed to represent Korean corporations on international legal issues, but they will be banned from forming joint ventures or even alliances with Korean firms, from advising clients on any area of Korean law or appearing in Korean courts. Foreign firms will also not be allowed to hire Korean lawyers.
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While some law firms like to give the impression of being relaxed and in a position of power ahead of the liberalization, there are many who are concerned that it will have an impact on their earnings. Some feel it will shake up the market with increased competition but not enough work to go around. But many feel that the increased competition will also increase the quality of the services provided by local law firms.
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Even though by law no local firm can have an association with an international firm, the larger international firms are already present in handling cross-jurisdictional deals. International firms like Clifford Chance, working from its offices abroad, already have a good chunk of the Korean market. Some suggest that the larger firms like Kim &amp; Chang will be the losers when the market opens, although that could be just wishful thinking.
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Law firms are reacting in various ways to the impending liberalization of Korea’s legal market, which includes looking abroad to add international talent to their legal line-up. Shin &amp; Kim, which welcomed Coudert Brothers veteran Timothy O’Brien to its corporate group in March 2005. Yoon &amp; Yoo has also expanded its international practice by recruiting two foreign lawyers. Specialist IP law firm Cho &amp; Partners, which has two partners and 11 fee-earners, has added a foreign associate attorney over the past year to accommodate the firm’s expanding work and client base.
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Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han has recruited foreign counsel Robert Wachter from O’Melveny &amp; Myers in California. Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han is competing to become an equal to the four big firms and is a specialist in areas such as taxation. Established 10 years ago, it is a breakaway firm from Kim &amp; Chang.&nbsp;
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Sewha Park &amp; Goo has formed a Vietnamese group to meet the increasing demand among Korean financial institutions and corporations for investment in Vietnam.&nbsp;
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A rapidly expanding full-service firm is Horizon Law Group, which was established five years ago and now has 15 partners and 43 fee earners. The firm has created a China practice team and plans to open its first overseas office in Shanghai by the summer of 2006.
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Law firms that have traditionally specialized in corporate and commercial law are now also bringing on board intellectual property (IP) specialists in a bid to strengthen their capabilities and be more competitive as the market is opened.&nbsp;
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Other firms are moving in the opposite direction, streamlining their business and concentrating on their best areas. Kim &amp; Co, which is well-known for its ship financing, is one example of this trend.
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The ‘big four’ law firms still dominate the South Korean market, namely Kim &amp; Chang, Bae, Kim &amp; Lee, Lee &amp; Ko and Shin &amp; Kim. The largest is Kim &amp; Chang, which has over 400 fee-earners and is the dominant force in all areas, although a handful of others are vying to take the crown in some of these.
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Established in 1980, Bae, Kim &amp; Lee is a full-service law firm with 50 partners and 157 fee-earners. It is regarded as the country’s pre-eminent litigation firm and is also a specialist in labour law. Bae, Kim &amp; Lee reports that in October 2004 it was the first law firm in Korea to open an office in Beijing with the Chinese government’s formal authorization.
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Lee &amp; Ko recently merged with First Law Offices to expand its IP department, as the original head of the IP team left to set up his own firm, the Patent Office of Duk Yeul Baek, in 2005.&nbsp; The lawyers from First Law Offices were transferred to Lee &amp; Ko’s main practice. While the patent attorneys from First Law Offices and Lee &amp; Ko’s former IP department are now part of First Law Lee &amp; Ko Patent and Law Offices, the name will be changed later to Lee &amp; Ko Patent &amp; Law Offices. &nbsp;
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For several years, Lee &amp; Ko has been putting emphasis on the importance of having Chinese specialists within the firm. It opened a representative office in Beijing on July 1 2005.&nbsp;
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First Law Offices has a well-respected and prominent IP practice which includes IP-related services in patents, trademarks and copyright across diverse fields ranging from chemistry and bio-engineering to pharmaceuticals and computer software.
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Prominent IP firm Hanyang International has hired a former director general of the Electrical Examination Bureau of the Korean Intellectual Property Office.
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SL Partners was set up in July 2004 and counts JP Morgan and Himart among its clients.
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Aurora Law Offices is still carving a niche for itself as a second-tier law firm that targets companies that would prefer to have legal services from a firm other than the ‘big four’ firms.&nbsp;
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Aram International Law Offices is a full-service law firm engaged in all areas of legal counselling.
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Consolidation of Korea’s legal market seems inevitable. However, one potential route is in-house. In preparation for defending against securities-related class actions, large companies are also increasingly recruiting experienced lawyers as in-house counsel.
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International Law Firms
As there is a ban on foreign law firms in South Korea, most of the international firms serving clients located in Korea or having interests there are based in Tokyo or Hong Kong. Overseas law firms involved in South Korea include Allen &amp; Overy, which has eight Korean speakers among its 19 lawyers in its Korea practice group, Baker &amp; McKenzie, Cleary Gottlieb Steen &amp; Hamilton, which is well recognised for its work in Korean capital markets and corporate matters and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer.&nbsp;
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Linklaters has been active in Korea for over 25 years and has developed strong relationships with Korean corporations, financial institutions and law firms. Simpson Thacher &amp; Bartlett is also active in Korea, as is White &amp; Case, which advises on a wide range of corporate and finance matters and has added three associates in Hong Kong with Korean language skills and experience over the past year.&nbsp;
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Other international law firms working on Korean deals include DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher &amp; Flom, Sidley Austin Brown &amp; Wood, Jones Day and Paul, Hastings, Janofsky &amp; Walker.
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AREAS OF EXPERTISE&nbsp;
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Banking&nbsp;
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Korea’s financial regulators have decided to introduce the Basel II Accord, which is scheduled to be implemented into South Korea’s banking system in 2007. All banking institutions are setting up internal credit risk management systems in preparation for adoption of the accord.&nbsp;
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A current government priority is to make the nation the regional financial hub. But in order to achieve that goal, financial deregulation is an essential factor, so the government is concentrating on deregulating current controls to improve the competitiveness of financial institutions.
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Under current regulations every new financial product needs to be reviewed and sometimes approved by the financial regulators. This is seen as a big barrier for financial institutions to develop new products.&nbsp;
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Banking


Local Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Sewha, Park &amp; Goo

Partner Jong Baek Park and Dong Won Ko are specialists in banking and finance.

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Shin &amp; Kim&nbsp;

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Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han

Hee-Chul Kang, Bong Hee Han and Hee-Woong Yoon are specialists in banking and finance.

Represented Crown Confectionery in its financing for the acquisition of Haitai Confectionery from Hana Bank and other financial institutions. &nbsp;


Yoon &amp; Yoo

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Advising Hyundai Capital on a W50 million revolving credit facility loan. Providing Korean counsel to Royal Bank of Scotland and Deutsche Bank on a Euro revolving credit facility to a German company and its subsidiaries, including Korean subsidiary companies.
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Over the past year, some major Korean banks have been acquired by foreign firms. Korea First Bank was sold to Standard Chartered Bank in January. Allen &amp; Overy was international counsel for Standard Chartered Bank, while Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han provided local counsel. Cleary Gottlieb Steen &amp; Hamilton represented KFB Newbridge Holdings in the sale of its entire share capital of Korea First Bank; Kim &amp; Chang provided Newbridge with local counsel. Valued at US$3.3 billion, the transaction is reportedly the largest foreign investment in Korea to date.
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Now there are rumours that the shares Korea Exchange Bank, which are currently owned by Lone Star, are going to be sold to foreign-based banks, including HSBC. “We expect the deal to soon begin on the sale of shares in Korea Exchange Bank,” says one lawyer.
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Citigroup’s acquisition of KorAm Bank in 2004 was not only the largest M&amp;A transaction in Korea to date, but also the first time that a foreign bank acquired a Korean bank and the first time that the Korean branches of a foreign bank were integrated with the Korean bank that became a subsidiary of a foreign bank. The acquisition of KorAm Bank was also the largest acquisition of a bank subsidiary by Citigroup outside North America. The acquisition was completed through a tender offer on April 30 2004 and a business transfer on November 1 2004.
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Kim &amp; Chang advised on Citibank Overseas Investment Corporation’s tender offer and the Korean regulatory approval process for the acquisition of shares. International law firm Linklaters acted as counsel to Citigroup.&nbsp;
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Kim &amp; Chang provides legal services covering all activities in which banks engage, including the establishment of a bank in Korea, its day-to-day operation and management, acquisitions, mergers, and closure. Korean recommended firms for banking include Kim &amp; Chang, Lee &amp; Ko, Shin &amp; Kim and Bae, Kim &amp; Lee as well as Horizon Law Group, whose clients include Woori Financial Group, Korea First Bank and HSBC. Hwang Mok Park is also recommended and counts among its clients Chohung Bank, Shinhan Bank and Woori Bank.&nbsp;
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Woo Chang-rok and Yoon Yong-sup of Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han serve as outside counsels for various financial institutions and have extensive litigation experience involving them.&nbsp;
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Capital Markets &amp; Corporate Finance&nbsp;
While Korea’s stock market is currently stable, a key concern is if property prices can sustain their current highs. Korea’s central bank is considering a hike in interest rates, which would also have an impact on the stock market.
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Public offerings have been relatively few compared to the frenzied activity of the past two to three years. The government is keen to expand the business scope of securities companies and one recent measure allows them to engage in over-the-counter financial derivatives. A further area of expansion for securities companies is in trust business, which previously was exclusively the remit of banking institutions.&nbsp;
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Kim &amp; Chang and Shin &amp; Kim are the leading legal players in capital markets. Lee &amp; Ko is also active and has reportedly been involved in launching three out of the first six private equity funds in Korea, as well as the first issuance of mandatory convertible bonds by a Korean company.&nbsp;
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Capital Markets &amp; Corporate Finance


International Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Allen &amp; Overy

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Advised the underwriters on the US law aspects of the recent 144A Regulation S offering by LG Electronics of its US$600 million 5% notes due in 2010, listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange.&nbsp;


Allen &amp; Overy Shook Lin &amp; Bok Joint Law Venture &nbsp;

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Acted for LG Electronics in its recent 14A Regulation S offering of US$600 million 5% notes due in 2010, listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange.&nbsp;


Cleary Gottlieb Steen &amp; Hamilton&nbsp;

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Acted for LG Electronics in its recent 14A Regulation S offering of US$600 million 5% notes due in 2010, listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange. Advised Newbridge Asia in the US$3.3 billion sale of Korea First Bank to Standard Chartered Bank. Advised Hynix Semiconductor on a US$500 million Rule 144A/Regulation S offering of senior notes, with registration rights, in July 2005. Acted for Koram Bank in Citigroup’s acquisition of a 36.6% stake in KorAm Bank from US private equity group Carlyle Group. Represented the underwriters in the sale of US$1.03 billion of American depositary shares in SK Telecom, Korea’s leading wireless telecoms services provider.&nbsp;


Debevoise &amp; Plimpton&nbsp;

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Acted as US counsel for SK Telecom Co and the selling stockholders in the sale of US$1.03 billion American depositary shares in SK Telecom Co.


Sidley Austin Brown &amp; Wood&nbsp;

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Acted for Hannuri Investment &amp; Securities, the arranger and joint lead manager, and HSBC, the trustee and agent, in a US$166 million cross-border primary collaterlized bond obligation issued via the Piraruku Fund in 83 separate tranches of notes to finance 78 Korean companies.


Simpson Thacher &amp; Bartlett&nbsp;

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Represented Kumho Tire in its IPO, which was the first ever concurrent dual-listing IPO in Korea and London. Represented Gravity in its US$108 million IPO and offering of American depositary shares (ADS), traded on the NASDAQ National Market. Represented Citigroup Global Markets and HSBC, the initial purchasers in a Rule 144A/Regulation S offering of US$300 million 5% subordinated notes due in 2015, issued by Korea Exchange Bank. Represented LG TeleCom in its inaugural debt offering under Rule 144A/Regulation S of US$200 million 8.25% senior notes due in 2009 listed on the Singapore Trading and Exchange; Credit Suisse First Boston was the initial purchaser.
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Medium-sized firm Hwang Mok Park has advised on a range of debt, equity, and derivatives transactions in Korea. Sojong &amp; Partners is a mid-tier commercial practice which focuses on banking and commercial work.&nbsp;
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Other firms in the capital markets and corporate finance field include Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han and Kim &amp; Company, which is also known for handling a lot of shipping work.
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In the past year, LG-Philips LCD was the first Korean company to have its equity securities listed simultaneously on the Korea Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange. LG-Philips issued 24.9 million shares of common stock in the form of American depositary shares in the US and 8.6 million shares of common stock in Korea for about US$1 billion on July 22 2004. Kim &amp; Chang and Cleary, Gottlieb, Hamilton &amp; Steen represented LG-Philips. Simpson, Thacher &amp; Bartlett and Shin &amp; Kim represented the underwriters.
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Capital Markets &amp; Corporate Finance


Local Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Bae Kim &amp; Lee&nbsp;

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Local counsel to Hynix Semiconductor in a US$500 million Rule 144A/Regulation S offering of senior notes, with registration rights, in July 2005.&nbsp;


Kim &amp; Chang&nbsp;

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Acted as local counsel to LG Electronics in its recent Rule 144A/Regulation S offering of US$600 million 5% notes due in 2010 and listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange.&nbsp;


Lee &amp; Ko

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Exclusive counsel to the Korean government and the four entities that operated the Korean securities markets in the consolidation of those markets to form the Korea Exchange, which now operates the KSE, Kosdaq and KFE markets.&nbsp;


Sewha Park &amp; Goo&nbsp;

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Advised on the establishment of entertainment funds raised by several institutional investors and managed by CJ Asset Management Corporation, pursuant to the Indirect Investment Asset Management Business Act. Also advised on the sale by Woori Bank of US$100 million precautionary loans to the consortium of Merrill Lynch and Woori F&amp;I, then transferred these to a JV special purpose company, in which Merrill Lynch, Woori F&amp;I and Woori Bank jointly injected capital contribution and issued asset-backed securities.


Shin &amp; Kim&nbsp;

<BR>

Represented Kumho Tire in a concurrent dual listing on the Korea Exchange and the London Stock Exchange, completed in February 2005. Represented the underwriters to Gravity’s offering of ADRs, which are listed on the Nasdaq. Advised the underwriters on Korean law in the sale of US$1.03 billion in American depositary shares in SK Telecom.


Sojong Partners&nbsp;

<BR>

Provided local counsel in Hannuri Investment &amp; Securities Co’s US$166 million cross-border primary CBO transaction.


Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han &nbsp;

<BR>

Represented Morgan Stanley in its equity investment of US$15 million to Gale International Korea for the development of New Songdo City.&nbsp; Represented Shinhan Bank in its issuance of US$300 million hybrid Tier 1 securities. Advised SK Telecom on Korean law in its sale of US$1.03 billion in American depositary shares. Also represented SK Telecom in its issuance of US$329.5 million zero coupon convertible notes.


Yoon &amp; Yang&nbsp;

<BR>

Advised on a US$700 million eurobond offering by a leading Korean cable broadcasting company. Provided local counsel in Hannuri Investment &amp; Securities’ US$166 million cross-border primary CBO. Assisted Morgan Stanley Investment Management Company in Singapore in obtaining a cross-border investment advisory and discretionary investment management business licence in Korea.
<BR>
<BR>
Construction &amp; Real Estate
The overheating property market is of great concern to the government. Finance Minister Han Duck-soo said in August 2005 that the government would be introducing measures to allow the central bank to keep interest rates low, to cool real estate speculation and limit price increases in the property market. Bids by the government to create new zones in towns near Seoul, to boost the economy outside the capital and to make real estate prices more reasonable, have had an effect that the government did not desire: increasing speculation on land and property in nearby areas. However, some lawyers feel that the government is putting a chokehold on redevelopment because of its fear of high real estate prices. They argue that the answer to the problem is for supply to meet demand, not market intervention.
<BR>




Construction &amp; Real Estate


Local Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Horizon Law Group

Han-Seok Myung is the firm’s best-known real estate lawyer.

Represented clients in transactions involving a combination of project financing and asset-based securities for a number of real estate development projects, including Anyang Beesan Tower Development Project, Kimpo Shinkogri Apartment Development Project and the Hawangshibri Samhwan Apartment Development Project. &nbsp;


Lee &amp; Ko

<BR>

Representing Samsung Electronics in an action brought by residents against the designation of Tangjung-myun, Choong Chung province as an industrial zone, in which Samsung plans to build a W20 trillion production facility.
<BR>
<BR>
In other developments, South Korea has amended its Real Estate Investment Trusts Act, effective April 2005. The recent amendments to the REITs Act are intended to diversify the forms of REITs and to promote the use of REITs by relaxing the relevant regulations. The amended act introduces a new type of general REIT which is exempt from corporate tax. The amendments also introduce ‘entrusted management’ REITs, which are not restricted in the types of real estate they can invest in and are exempt from corporate tax. The act also relaxes requirements for the establishment of REITs, reducing the minimum capital from W50 billion (approximately US$48.7 million) to W25 billion. In addition, in-kind contributions of real estate to REITs will be allowed up to the limit of 50% of capital.
<BR>
Sewha Park &amp; Goo is advising on the Veritas CJ Yedang Entertainment Fund, the first special asset fund under the Indirect Investment Asset Management Business Act to invest in many types of entertainment businesses and real estate. Investors include Kumho Life Insurance and the Military Mutual Aid Association. Yuil Partners provided legal counsel to Yedang.&nbsp;
<BR>
Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han represented Lone Star Fund in its sale of Star Tower building, the largest office building in Korea, to GIC (Singapore’s global investment management company). Kim &amp; Chang represented GIC in the US$ 1 billion transaction.&nbsp; Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han also represented Lone Star in its initial purchase of the building.
<BR>
Bae, Kim &amp; Lee has an active real estate group on large-scale projects. Other law firms active in real estate work include Kim, Shin &amp; Yu and Shin &amp; Kim.&nbsp;
<BR>
Lee &amp; Ko is representing major local retail distributors, including Lotte Department Store, E-Mart and Costco, in their acquisition and development of property. Lee &amp; Ko also represents major construction companies, including Samsung Corp, SK Engineering &amp; Construction, Hanjin Heavy Industries, POSCO and GS Construction (formerly LG Construction), in large-scale residential construction and reconstruction projects, construction-related litigations, plant exports and other construction and engineering matters.
<BR>
Dispute Resolution
<BR>




Dispute Resolution


International Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Heller Ehrman

<BR>

Representing Shanda Internet Development in an arbitration with Korean companies relating to licensing agreements, in which the governing law of the agreements is Singaporean law.


White &amp; Case

<BR>

Representing SKEC in a dispute over the modernisation of a large oil refinery in a Latin American country, with claims and counterclaims aggegating around US$1.6 billion.
<BR>
<BR>
Many law firms expect more litigation over the next few years on issues relating to corporate governance and protection of minority shareholders. With increased awareness of their legal rights, Korean firms are generally becoming increasingly litigious.&nbsp;
<BR>
More litigation is expected as a result of the March 2005 enactment of the Securities-Related Class Action Act (SCAA). This Act allows certain accounting frauds, including price manipulation and use of inside information, conducted before the Act’s effective date, to be exempted from class actions for two years. The act became effective from January 1 2005 for companies with assets of W2 trillion or more and will become effective from January 1 2007 for companies with less than this amount in assets.
<BR>




Dispute Resolution


Local Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Lee &amp; Ko

<BR>

Representing Chairman Gun Hee Lee and the directors of Samsung Electronics in a shareholders’ derivative suit alleging damages of about W360 billion arising out of failed investments and certain share sale transactions.


Shin &amp; Kim&nbsp;

<BR>

Currently representing Korean game designer Wemade Entertainment, a co-respondent in a three-way ICC arbitration involving Shanghai Shanda and Actoz Software, over contractual disputes regarding China’s best-known online game - Legend of Mir - and in a related copyright infringement against Shanda in Beijing.


Sky Patent &amp; Law Firm&nbsp;

<BR>

Involved in dispute resolution for a large semiconductor equipment manufacturer operating out of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and China.


Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han&nbsp;

<BR>

Representing Daewoo Securities in its defence against various financial institutions that are claiming damages in excess of W31 billion for its alleged failure to provide accurate or adequate information on the credit rating of commercial papers it sold. Also representing Hyundai Marine &amp; Fire Insurance in its W6.2 billion claim for an insurance payment against Hyundai Life Insurance, a bankrupt company.&nbsp; &nbsp;


Yoon &amp; Yang&nbsp;

Partners Jae-Seung Byun and Hoil Yoon specialize in dispute resolution.

Represented Hanbo Iron &amp; Steel and its creditor’s representative in an ICC arbitration and lawsuit in a New York Federal Court in a dispute with AK Capital, with a claim amount of over US$400 million. Also representing Daewoo Telecom and its creditors’ representative&nbsp; in an action pending in a New York bankruptcy court.


Yoon &amp; Yoo

<BR>

Represented Kookmin Bank in a lawsuit filed by an individual for payment of a lottery winning claim.
<BR>
<BR>
Says Jin Hwan Chung of Hwang Mok Park: “The SCAA was intended by the government to improve minority shareholder rights and therefore corporate governance in Korea by holding not just corporations liable for their actions, but also potentially corporate officers, directors, auditors, underwriters and large shareholders, depending on the circumstances.”
<BR>
Kim &amp; Chang, Bae, Kim &amp; Lee, Lee &amp; Ko, Shin &amp; Kim, Kim Shin &amp; Yu and Yoon &amp; Yang are all seen as leading players in the dispute resolution field. Horizon Law Group and Aurora Law Offices are also active in litigation and dispute resolution.&nbsp;
<BR>
In a recent case, Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han successfully defended Daewoo Securities against various financial institutions for damages of over W31 billion for alleged failure to provide accurate or adequate information on the credit rating of the commercial papers it sold.
<BR>
Insurance
There has recently been considerable controversy over the rights of banking institutions to sell insurance products using their branch networks. This is in addition to the previously traditional method of selling insurance projects via a network of individual financial planners.&nbsp;
<BR>
In August 2003, the government took measures to allow banking institutions to sell insurance products made by insurance companies. However, the size and scope of insurance products sold by banks has greatly increased and now dominates the market. This has led to insurance companies complaining that banks are taking advantage of their networks and that this is leading to unfair trading. The insurance industry has been putting pressure on the government to regulate insurance practices. However, the government appears unwilling to move on this and has allowed the scope of insurance products dealt with by banking institutions to be expanded until 2008.&nbsp;
<BR>
Another issue in Korea is whether an insurance company is allowed to own or hold a banking institution as its subsidiary, a possibility which is opposed by both the government and public opinion. In Korea, large insurance companies are owned by conglomerates, or chaebols, and under government policy chaebols are not allowed to control financial institutions. If insurance companies were allowed to hold banking institutions as subsidiaries, then the chaebols would control the banks.&nbsp;
<BR>
Under the Insurance Business Law, there is no specific prohibition against foreign financial institutions entering the Korean domestic market. There are several foreign insurance companies operating in Korea, including ING.
<BR>
The major firms involved in insurance work in South Korea are Kim &amp; Chang, Lee &amp; Ko, Bae Kim &amp; Lee, Shin &amp; Kim and YP Lee &amp; Mok. Sewha Park &amp; Goo is also involved in insurance and cites Samsung Life Insurance, Shinhan Life Insurance and Samsung Marine and Casualty Insurance Corporation among its clients.
<BR>
Intellectual Property&nbsp;
While law firms generally feel that there is good IP protection under the current laws, they feel more could be done about prosecutions under those laws. Increasingly, Korean firms have become concerned about counterfeit goods, particularly those manufactured in China. Parallel imports are also a concern, and Korean companies feel that more policing at borders and commercial centres should be carried out.&nbsp;
<BR>
Growing concern over Chinese counterfeit goods flooding the Korean market has led to more Korean companies asking IP firms to register trademarks and patents in China and more law firms becoming specialized in representing Korean companies operating in China.
<BR>
Although Korea’s large industrial companies are leaders in mobile phones and plasma screens, they are still in part dependent on foreign licensing. But there has been a gradual move towards quality rather than quantity IP work. “Large industrial firms such as Samsung are moving towards time-based billings rather than a fixed-price structure in a move towards securing better quality protections,” says Marc Miller of leading IP law firm Park, Kim &amp; Partner. “This is something patent attorneys have been urging in South Korea for some time and this has gained momentum over the past year. Companies still wish to contain costs but are prepared to pay more which should enable their patent firms to spend the necessary time to come up with better quality patents.”
<BR>
The implementation of the Madrid Protocol in April 2004, allowing companies to apply for trademarks in several countries at one go, has led to fewer local applications, law firms say. But this could be short lived. The majority of Madrid Protocol applications within South Korea are being rejected due to exact stipulations on product descriptions not being fulfilled. This has led to many local firms reverting back to local applications. In addition, the Madrid Protocol application costs a good deal more than local applications.&nbsp;
<BR>
Over the past year, there have been 30,000 trademark and patent applications in South Korea and biotechnology is seen as a big growth area. Some law firms, such as specialist IP firm Muhann Patent &amp; Law Firm, are specifically taking on patent attorneys with academic backgrounds in the sciences and biotechnology to ensure that they can handle this new growth area.&nbsp;
<BR>
<BR>




Intellectual Property


Local Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Cho &amp; Partners&nbsp;

<BR>

Set a precedent through a civil action against an internet shopping mall operator based on the dilution provision of the Unfair Competition Prevention Act; the court found that use of part of a trademark owner°¶s name to promote and sell imitation goods constituted unfair competition. Also obtained a favourable decision against a Korean trademark squatter based on a claim of trademark abuse. &nbsp;


Lee &amp; Ko

<BR>

Representing LG Chem and Procter &amp; Gamble in defending the W80 trillion damages award, the largest award of damages by a Korean court to date in a patent infringement claim. Represented Microsoft against a claim brought by Professor KH Lee, alleging that a Korean to English conversion software infringed her patent.


Nam &amp; Nam World Patent &amp; Law Firm&nbsp;

<BR>

Invovled in an invalidation trial over the ‘bad faith’ registration of the ‘Evisu’ brand by a third party.


Sky Patent &amp; Law Firm&nbsp;

<BR>

Advising on a foreign trademark dispute between Bellsouth and Bellwave and involved in a litigation case regarding compensation for employee’s inventions.&nbsp;


Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han&nbsp;

<BR>

Representing Daum Communication in its litigation against Microsoft Corp and Microsoft Korea for damages over tying Instant Messenger to Windows XP. Advising SK Communications on various IP transactions. Represented Peach Telecommunication &amp; Computer against Enhanced Chip Technology in a preliminary injunction to prevent infringement of patents involving NVIDIA Corp°¶s video chipset. Represented Kookmin Card against Korea First Bank in the first Korean case to provide standards to apply in trademark dilution cases.


Yoon &amp; Yang&nbsp;

<BR>

Assisted Abbott Laboratories in a matter before the KFDA involving Hanmi Pharmaceutical. Also representing Proctor &amp; Gamble in a patent lawsuit against Kimberly-Clark. Advising Kookin Bank, Shinhan Bank and Hana Bank in a trade name dispute against Woori Bank.
<BR>
<BR>
In other developments, a new design provision has been added to the Korean Unfair Competition Prevention Act to automatically protect product designs that are less than three years old, without registration. Specialist IP law firm Cho &amp; Partners reportedly carried out the first successful litigation based on this new design provision, in which the court’s damages award was based on harm to reputation rather than actual damages. The decision is expected to act as a deterrent to would-be infringers.
<BR>
Other legislative developments over the past year include an amendment to the Korean Trademark Act, which now permits registration of collective marks with geographical indications, such as ‘Bordeaux’ or ‘Fifth Avenue’.
<BR>
From February 2005, binding mediation for domain name disputes has also been reinstated under the new Internet Address Dispute Resolution Committee, with changes to the ‘bad faith’ grounds for mediation. These changes are expected to make disputes with cyber-squatters less costly and more effective.
<BR>
Leading law firms in IP include Lee International IP and Law Group, which was set up in 1961 and has expanded into a full-service law firm with more than 70 lawyers.&nbsp;
<BR>
Kim &amp; Chang has a specialist IP group that covers the full scope of IP rights. The firm won the 2004 Asialaw IP Award for South Korea.&nbsp;
<BR>
You Me Patent &amp; Law Firm was ranked the number one IP law firm in South Korea in the 2004 Asialaw Leading Local Law Firms Poll of international law firms. The firm, which was set up in 1981, comprises more than 50 trademark and patent attorneys with four foreign legal consultants from the United States, Australia and China.&nbsp;
<BR>
Lee &amp; Ko&nbsp; has merged with respected IP firm First Law Patent Office. The merged firm’s name is currently First Law Lee &amp; Ko Patent &amp; Law Offices, although this will later become Lee &amp; Ko Patent &amp; Law Offices. Lee &amp; Ko’s IP work is strong in the area of unfair competition (especially misappropriation of trade secrets by former employees). It represents a diverse range of clientele, including LG Chem and Prada in infringement claims.&nbsp;
<BR>
IP firm Hanyang International Patent and Law Firm has five partners and 20 fee-earners.
&nbsp;
Kim &amp; Cho’s IP clients include the Bayer Corporation, Bosch and Siemens.&nbsp;
<BR>
Muhann Patent &amp; Law Firm was set up three years ago and has 11 patent attorney and has advised companies like&nbsp; SK Teletec and Caltex.
<BR>
Park, Kim &amp; Partner has 21 patent attorneys and says that 60-70% of its work is for local clients, which includes LG Electronics and government research and defence agencies.&nbsp;
<BR>
Established in 1962, Central International Law Firm has an IP department and a general legal department.&nbsp;
<BR>
Kims and Lees, YP Lee Mock &amp; Partners and Nam &amp; Nam are also respected IP firms.
<BR>
IT, Telecommunications and Media
<BR>




IT, Telecommunications &amp; Media


Local Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Lee &amp; Ko

<BR>

In early 2004, the US Justice Department issued subpoenas to major Korean telecom service providers to investigate possible price-fixing activities. Conducted negotiations on behalf of the telecom service providers with the US Justice Department, as a result of which the subpoenas were withdrawn.&nbsp; Also represented a domestic telecom company on the implementation of a mobile number portability service.


Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han&nbsp;

<BR>

Advising Hanaro Telecom on general corporate matters.
<BR>
<BR>
While Asia has generally seen high growth in telecommunications, South Korea continues to stand out. According to an October 2004 survey, Korea’s mobile and broadband Internet access penetration rates reached 75% and 24% respectively, which are among the highest among Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member nations.
<BR>
There continues to be a substantial liberalisation and deregulation in telecommunications in Korea but with the rapid changes and developments in the industry, new types of regulations are being required in addition to the liberalisation of existing regulations. Thus some restructuring could be ahead.
<BR>
In October 2004, the Ministry of Communication and Information (MIC), announced its plan to grant three wireless broadband Internet licences. The MIC also announced the introduction of mobile virtual network operator in three years, if certain requirements are met, enabling the service providers to provide certain wireless telecommunications services without obtaining licences to use certain radio frequency bands.&nbsp;
<BR>
The Location Information Use and Protection Law came into effect in July 2005 to protect location privacy and promote the use of location information by introducing a new licensing system for location information business and location based services and establishing procedures for the collection, provision and use of location information.
<BR>
In what was reportedly the first licence granted for Internet telephones on Korean aeroplanes, Hwang Mok Park recently obtained a licence for a Boeing subsidiary to install internet telephones on Korean Air and Asiana aeroplanes. The Boeing subsidiary entered into a joint arrangement with Hanaro Telecom, which was signed on August 31 2005.&nbsp; Hanaro Telecom was advised by solo practitioner YH Kim.&nbsp;
Lee &amp; Ko is representing hardware operators (notably Samsung Electronics and LG Electronics) and software operators (notably KT Corp, SK Telecom, LG Telecom and British Telecom), as well as Internet portals like Yahoo and Google.
<BR>
Shin &amp; Kim and Kim &amp; Chang are also very active in the telecommunications and broadcasting fields. Yoon &amp; Yang has represented C&amp;M and LG Telecom in their telecom transactions.
<BR>
Labour &amp; Employment
<BR>




Labour &amp; Employment&nbsp;


Local Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Lee &amp; Ko

Renowned for its work in labour and employment.

Represented the Korea Racing Association in a mass layoff of its employees. Also represented Korean Air in response measures to an illegal strike staged by its pilots and other employees. Represented and advised Korea Deposit Insurance in its negotiations with the labour unions of six major banks and advised the Financial Industry Labour Union on the injection of public funds.


Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han &nbsp;

<BR>

Advised and served as defence counsel to Kookmin Bank on various labour and employment related issues, including restructuring. Advised various financial institutions and foreign-invested companies on labour and employment law issues, including termination and restructuring.


Yoon &amp; Yang&nbsp;

Lee Soong-hee and Kim Jae-young are key partners in employment and labour.

Has worked with Paul Hastings Janofsky &amp; Walker, Colley Godward and other law firms on labour issues in Korea as well as updating the Korea chapter of Commerce Clearing House Employment Asia.
<BR>
<BR>
The freedom that unions in South Korea enjoy today is still relatively new. In terms of union representation, there has been a shift towards industry-level bargaining. Management are now forced to negotiate with more sophisticated union negotiators. It is still very difficult to terminate an employee in Korea for non-business reasons, such as poor conduct. In the case of poor performance, unions usually prefer companies to take a progressive disciplinary process.&nbsp;
<BR>
While the number of strikes have decreased in South Korea, over the past year there was a strike by Asiana Airlines pilots, which is now in government mandatory arbitration as the airline sector is seen as part of the government structure.&nbsp;
<BR>
The proposed bill for the protection of non-regular workers was passed by the Cabinet Council and submitted to the National Assembly on November 8 2004, for resolution. The legislation has been halted by severe opposition from the unions, which believe that if this is put into law it will encourage the government to use more temporary workers. Under the new legislation, the 26 categories for dispatch workers would also be removed. The two-year limit for dispatch workers at one site would also be increased to three years.&nbsp;
<BR>
Kim &amp; Chang’s human resources and industrial relations practice is the largest of its sort at a law firm in Korea with at least 30 attorneys, including former Ministry of Labour officials. The law firm acts as counsel to multinational corporations, as well as to Korea’s Ministry of Labour. The firm recently represented Korea Exchange Bank in implementing unilateral layoffs following the acquisition of its credit card business. Kim &amp; Chang also worked with Lone Star and KEB on the unilateral layoff of KEB’s credit card business employees in 2004.
Other firms that have a strong labour focus include Bae Kim &amp; Lee, Lee &amp; Ko and Shin &amp; Kim. Lee &amp; Ko has represented the Korea Racing Association in a mass layoff of its employees and represented Korean Air in response to an illegal strike staged by its pilots and other employees.&nbsp;
<BR>
Seoul Law Group was set up in March 2005 and covers all general corporate and commercial areas, but is looking to market itself as a specialist labour and employment law firm.&nbsp;
<BR>
Hwang Mok Park advises on employee insurance and Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han regularly advises on labour and employment law aspects of M&amp;A, spin-offs, final dissolutions and restructuring.&nbsp;
<BR>
Yoon &amp; Yang works with Paul Hastings Janofsky &amp; Walker, Cooley Godward and other law firms on labour issues in Korea.&nbsp;
<BR>
M&amp;A
M&amp;A work alone kept entire law firms busy for years after 1998, and to the surprise of many this is still a strong area, along with joint ventures.
&nbsp;
Newly amended legislation to guard against hostile takeovers was introduced in March 2005. To enable the management in Korean listed companies to better defend themselves against hostile takeovers, the government has amended the Securities Exchange Act. The amended law now requires an investor to disclose its purpose when acquiring a share of 5% or more in a Korean company and also requires an unlisted company belonging to a large group of companies to disclose important matters relating to its management.&nbsp;
<BR>
This is an attempt by the Korean government to tighten up a loophole in Korea’s reporting system. Prior to the Financial Supervisory Commission requesting that new investors specify the purpose of their share acquisitions, investors could swap from insisting that it was a portfolio investment to stating that it had bought shares to acquire management power and vice versa, to the detriment of the target company. If an investor now states under the revised act that the investment is to influence company management, a cooling-off period will be imposed.
<BR>
In what was reportedly one of the most significant hostile takeover attempts in Korean history, Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han successfully defended Hyundai Elevator, a holding company for Hyundai Group companies, against a hostile takeover attempt by Kumgang Korea Chemical. Since this case, the Korean securities regulations have been amended to impose broader disclosure requirements on shareholders with a 5% stake or more in a Korean company. Lee &amp; Ko provided legal counsel to Kumgang Korea Chemical.&nbsp;
<BR>




M&amp;A


International Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Allen &amp; Overy&nbsp;

<BR>

Provided foreign counsel to Standard Chartered Bank in its US$3.4 billion acquisition of Korea First Bank.


Cleary Gottlieb Steen &amp; Hamilton &nbsp;

<BR>

Advised Hyosung Corporation and Hyosung (America) in their acquisition of a steel cord manufacturing facility from Michelin North America. Advised Newbridge Asia and Affinity Equity Partners on their bid for Jinro.


White &amp; Case&nbsp;

<BR>

Advised Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation on the US$1.6 billion sale of a 51% stake in Korea First Bank to Standard Chartered Bank, in tandem with Newbridge’s sale of its stake in Korea First Bank. Representing SK Networks, SKC and SK Capital in their proposed sale of a controlling interest in SK Life Insurance. Acting for bidder SK Telecom in the auction for a controlling interest in Turk Telekom, the Turkish government-owned telephone fixed line company.
<BR>




M&amp;A


Local Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Bae, Kim &amp; Lee

<BR>

Provided local counsel to Korea Confectionery Holdings in the W545 billionn sale of Haitai Confectionery and Foods to a consortium led by Crown Confectionery. Also provided local counsel to Himart Holdings in its W500 billion acquisition of Himart Co and provided local advice to KorAm Bank in Citigroup’s acquisition of a 36.6% stake in KorAm Bank from US private equity group Carlyle Group.


Hanol Law Offices&nbsp;

<BR>

Established a joint venture involving a large Korean firm and an American partner - both of which are major players in the shopping industry. Also established a joint venture between a Korean equipment manufacturer and a major distributor in Europe. &nbsp;


Horizon Law Group

Byoung-Ki Lee, Han-Seok Myung and Sun-Hee Park specialize in M&amp;A work.&nbsp;

Represented Hite in its acquisition of a 99.8% equity share of Jinro for W3.4 trillion, the largest M&amp;A deal in Korean history to date in terms of its monetary value.


Kim &amp; Chang&nbsp;

<BR>

Advised the INI Steel and Hyundai Steel consortium on the acquisition of Hanbo Iron &amp; Steel. Advised Citibank on its acquisition of KorAm Bank in the largest M&amp;A transaction in Korean history to date. Acted as local counsel for US private equity group Carlyle Group in an earlier transaction, in which Citigroup acquired a 36.6% stake in KorAm Bank from Carlyle Group. Provided local counsel to Newbridge Asia in Standard Chartered’s acquisition of Korea First Bank.


Lee &amp; Ko&nbsp;

<BR>

Represented Shanda Interactive Entertainment in acquiring the controlling share of Actoz Soft.Also represented the Macquarie consortium in acquiring a 50% share of El Paso in Korea Independent Energy Corp and represented LG Chemicals in its joint acquisition of Hyundai Petrochemical with Honam Petrochemical, followed by a spin-off of Hyundai Petrochemical and share swap between LG Chemicals and Honam Petrochemical. Acted for Citigroup in its acquisition of a 36.6% stake in KorAm Bank from US private equity group Carlyle Group.


Shin &amp; Kim&nbsp;

<BR>

Represented Dubai Ports International in its acquisition of shares in CSX World International, which indirectly owns shares of Pusan New Port. Also represented General Electric Capital in its purchase of 38% of the shares of Hyundai Capital Services from various Korean shareholders of Hyundai Capital Services. Acted for the Carlyle Group in Citigroup’s acquisition of a 36.6% in KorAm Bank from Carlyle Group.


Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han

<BR>

Represented Standard Chartered Bank in its US$3.4 billion acquisition of Korea First Bank.


Yoon &amp; Yang&nbsp;

<BR>

Advised on the US$500 million acquisition of Newcore Department Store by E-Land and advised Hanbo Iron &amp; Steel in its acquisition by INI Steel and Hyundai Steel. Assisting with the establishment of a US$12 million joint venture by a large programme channel provider.&nbsp;
<BR>
<BR>
Private Equity &amp; Venture Capital&nbsp;
An October 2004 revision of the Presidential Enforcement Decree to the Indirect Investment Asset Management Business Act introduced a new type of investment vehicle, the private investment specialized company (PISC). The revisions became effective as of December 2004.
<BR>
With government limits on investment in real estate, private equity funds (PEFs) provide a way for money to be invested in companies and enhance their value for making profit through management control or corporate governance improvement. PEFs are seen by many law firms involved in banking and finance as one of the key growth areas over the next few years.
<BR>




Private Equity &amp; Venture Capital&nbsp;


International Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Simpson Thacher &amp; Bartlett

<BR>

Represented the private investment arm of Goldman Sachs in its US$120 million equity investment in C&amp;M in the form of convertible preferred stock and common stock of C&amp;M.


Local Firms

<BR>

<BR>


Sewha Park &amp; Goo&nbsp;

<BR>

Researched and produced a report on promoting a revitalization of venture capital companies, together with Deloitte Hana/Anjin. Much of the contents of the report were adopted by the Ministry of Finance and Economics as national policy.


Yoon &amp; Yang&nbsp;

<BR>

Assisted the National Pension Corporation in the establishment of the largest private equity fund in Korea, the Shinhan-NPC Private Equity Fund I.
<BR>
<BR>
While the level of investment expected since the amendment has not materialised, more PEF investment is expected in the latter half of 2005. Some investors are taking a cautious approach, also because there have been legal uncertainties over the past few months since the amendment. It is expected that PEFs operated by major financial institutions will lead the market and set examples for future funds.
<BR>
May 2005 data from the Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC) indicated that PEFs in South Korea had total assets of approximately W1.12 trillion. PEFs registered with the FSC included Wooribank, LG Investment Securities and Korea Development Bank.&nbsp;
<BR>
In the past three to four years, the venture capital market has suffered a downturn because of unsound management within the venture capital business. There have been problems regarding the use of government financial assistance in venture capital, including the misuse or misappropriation of that assistance. Some of the venture capital companies have gone bankrupt.&nbsp;
<BR>
The government consequently began the Venture Capital Restart Programme in 2005 to support some of those venture capital companies that have either become insolvent or are having financial problems. Park Jong-baek, senior partner at Sewha Park &amp; Goo, is a member of a committee that has been involved in the review process for the programme. Much of the firm’s proposals in its Venture Company Restart Project report, which was produced together with Deloitte Hana/Anjin, were adopted by the Ministry of Finance and Economics as national policy.
<BR>
Ahnse Law Offices advises on the establishment, registration and operation of a venture business.
<BR>
Project Finance, Infrastructure &amp; Energy
Privatization plans for large state-owned enterprises have gone at a slower pace than initially envisioned. This is partly due to strong opposition from labour unions to some of the privatizations and also delays in passing implementing legislation. But it is also due to a president who came in on a labour platform and is himself against privatization of such state assets.
<BR>
Plans to privatize Korean Electric Power and the natural gas monopoly Korea Gas have been put on hold. The South Korean government decided in June 2004 to limit the privatization of the electric power sector to generation facilities retaining ownership over the transmission and distribution assets of Korean Electric Power.
<BR>




Project Finance, Infrastructure &amp; Energy


International Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Baker &amp; McKenzie&nbsp;

<BR>

Advised K-Power, a joint venture company between SK Corp of Korea and BP, on its US$2 billion 20-year LNG sale and purchase agreement from the Tangguh LNG project in Indonesia developed by BP and its partners.


Local Firms

<BR>

<BR>


Bae, Kim &amp; Lee&nbsp;

<BR>

Advised Incheon International Airport Railroad in the whole process of the W3.3 trillion project financing from around 20 financial institutions, including KDB, to fund its construction of a railway.


Horizon Law Group

Helen Pak is the firm’s practitioner in project finance. &nbsp;

Successfully represented New Songdo City Development on a dual currency US$1.5 billion project financing for the development and construction of residential, commercial, hospitality and other facilities in New Songdo City, near Inchoen City, in one of the largest syndicated bank financings in Korea to date. The project is sponsored by The Gale and POSCO Engineering &amp; Construction.


Lee &amp; Ko&nbsp;

<BR>

Representing the lenders in a W600 billion loan to finance the new Incheon bridge project and advising on related shareholders’ agreements. Also advised the lenders in a limited recourse financing for the development of light rapid transit system in Yong In city, in the first rail private investment project in Korea; the sponsors are Daelim Industrial and Bombardier. &nbsp;


Sewha Park &amp; Goo&nbsp;

<BR>

Advising on the projects in which the Incheon Free Economic Zone Authority is involved, including the construction of Incheon Great Bridge, construction of the Convention Centre, construction of a new port and the establishment of foreign schools and hospitals.&nbsp;


Yoon &amp; Yoo

<BR>

Advising CJ Asset Management on a US$90 million project financing for the construction of apartments in Masan.
<BR>
<BR>
Kim &amp; Chang and Shin &amp; Kim are seen as the leading law firms in project finance, infrastructure and energy.&nbsp;
<BR>
Sewha Park &amp; Goo is reportedly the sole advisor on the project financing for a solar powered plant which was funded by Kookmin Bank and is likely to act as a model for other financing deals for alternative energy.&nbsp;
<BR>
Sewha, Park &amp; Goo is among the local law firms advising on the huge infrastructure project involving the 10.3km Incheon Bridge linking the international airport situated on Yongjong Island with Sondo New Town economic development zone located southwest of Seoul in Incheon Metropolitan City. The bridge is due to be completed in 2009. This is seen by some law firms as the last big infrastructure project before the government starts concentrating on smaller-scale infrastructure projects such as hospitals and prisons.&nbsp;
<BR>
Lee &amp; Ko advised the lenders, led by Kookmin Bank, Kyobo Life Insurance and Korea Life Insurance, in limited recourse financing for the development of light rapid transit in the City of Yong In, which is the first rail private investment project in Korea. Kim &amp; Chang acted for the sponsors, Daelim Industrial and Bombardier.
<BR>
Other law firms actively involved in project finance, infrastructure and energy include Sechang Law Offices, Kim, Choi &amp; Lim and Yoon &amp; Yang.
<BR>
Restructuring, Insolvency &amp; Bankruptcy&nbsp;
Developments over the past year have included consolidation of the three insolvency laws into the Act Concerning the Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy of Debtors or the Unified Insolvency Act, effective from April 2006.&nbsp;
<BR>
There are many debt transfer agreements underway in South Korea as bankrupt firms unload their assets. This phenomenon has been going on since the economic crisis of 1997 when the International Monetary Fund stepped in.&nbsp;
<BR>
Over the past year, the shares held by the Korea Asset Management Corporation (Kamco), the agency set up for the purpose of restructuring and buying non performing loans from companies, have significantly decreased. The restructuring of many Korean companies that were in financial distress is now at a later stage.
<BR>




Restructuring Insolvency &amp; Bankruptcy&nbsp;


International Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Dechert&nbsp;

<BR>

Advised MagnaChip Semiconductor in Hynix Semiconductor’s business transfer of its system IC business to MagnaChip. &nbsp;


Local Firms

<BR>

<BR>


Bae, Kim &amp; Lee &nbsp; &nbsp;

<BR>

Advised Hynix&nbsp; Semiconductor in all aspects of business restructuring in its business transfer of its System IC business to MagnaChip Semiconductor. Represented Korea Deposit Insurance Corp in its sale of all issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Korea Investment &amp; Securities to Dongwon Financial Holding for W546.2 billion.


Kim &amp; Chang

Kim &amp; Chang’s Young Jay Ro, Han Woo Park and Frank Shyn worked on this deal.

Advised MagnaChip Semiconducto in Hynix Semiconductor’s business transfer of its system IC business to MagnaChip.&nbsp; Coordinated with MagnaChip’s international counsel (Dechert) in all aspects of the transaction from due diligence to the closing.&nbsp;


Lee &amp; Ko

<BR>

Represented LG Cable in its successfully acquisition of Jinro Cable through its reorganization procedure, despite strong competition from Daehan Cable, which had purchased a large share of the reorganization claims. &nbsp;


Shin &amp; Kim

<BR>

Represented Fila Korea and its executives in a management-buyout transaction; the sellers were affiliates of Sports Brands International.&nbsp;


Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han &nbsp;

<BR>

Advised Jinro Corporation in the corporate reorganization proceedings and sales to the Hite consortium. Represented UTC Venture Investment in its W120 billion acquisition of Dongseo Industrial, which was in reorganization. Advised Telson Information Communication in obtaining a court decision to commence its corporate reorganization.
<BR>
<BR>
Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Hon advised Jinro Corporation in the largest M&amp;A deal in Korean history in terms of its monetary value. Horizon Law Group successfully represented Hite, the largest producer of beer in Korea, in acquiring a 99.8% equity share of Jinro, the world’s largest producer of soju, a popular alcoholic beverage in Korea and other parts of Asia. The transaction, which was a part-equity-part-debt deal, involved an W3.4 trillion investment by the Hite consortium in Jinro, of which W2.4 trillion was used to buy the shares of Jinro and W1 trillion was used to purchase corporate bonds issued by Jinro. The massive deal was reviewed and cleared by the Korean Fair Trade Commission for anti-trust violations and the impact on competition in the market. Yoon &amp; Yang assisted Hite on anti-trust clearance.
<BR>
Yoon &amp; Yang was also involved in&nbsp; Hanbo Iron &amp; Steel’s seven-year sale of its assets to a foreign investor. After a couple of sales fell through, the firm assisted in the successful sale to INI Steel and Hyundai Steel on October 1 2004. All the employees of Hanbo were transferred to INI. Kim &amp; Chang represented the INI/Hysco consortium.
<BR>
Securitization &amp; Structured Finance
Under the current asset securitization law, the originator which is qualified to use the securitization system prescribed under the securitization law is limited. Those allowed include financial institutions or private companies that have good credit grading. For the securitization market in South Korea to expand, the scope of the qualified originator has to increase. While there is the possibility of expanding the securitization market, it is unlikely to achieve the market levels of the previous three to five years.&nbsp;
<BR>




Securitization &amp; Structured Finance


International Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Baker &amp; McKenzie&nbsp;

<BR>

Represented Samsung Card in its US$300 million asset back securitization backed by credit card receivables and arranged by ING Bank.


Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer

<BR>

Represented BNP Paribas on the restructuring of the securitisation of credit card receivables originated by Shinhan Card and arranged by BNP Paribas. Advised HSBC on the restructuring of the US$400 million securitisation of credit card receivables by Challenger III Asset Securitization Specialty. Also advised ING Bank and Merrill Lynch in arranging the US$300 million securitisation of credit card receivables originated from Samsung Card in Korea.


Rajah &amp; Tann&nbsp;

<BR>

Advised on the US$150 million securitization of US$600 million underlying assets payable by telecom companies to Dreamline through a bridge bank, Korea Development Capital, and arranged by KDB.


Local Firms

<BR>

<BR>


Kim &amp; Chang&nbsp;

<BR>

Provided Korean counsel to Korean arranger Daishin Securities on the structuring, underwriting and sale of collateralized bond obligations (CBOs) issued by a Korean SPC and backed by a portfolio of bonds issued by small and medium sized domestic enterprises. Also advised on the issuance and international offering by a Singapore SPC of securities backed by the Korean CBOs.&nbsp; &nbsp;


Lee &amp; Ko

<BR>

Represented Korea’s largest air carrier, Korea Air, which set a new benchmark in the future flow receivables asset class with a W20 billion securitization transaction backed by cargo receivables on its Korea-Japan routes.&nbsp;


Sewha Park &amp; Goo&nbsp;

Yong Gun Bae is the firm’s best securitization lawyer.

Advised on the US$150 million securitization of US$600 million underlying assets payable by telecom companies to Dreamline through a bridge bank, Korea Development Capital, and arranged by KDB.


Shin &amp; Kim&nbsp;

<BR>

Represented LG Card in its first cross-border securitization since its financial crisis in 2003. Represented the arrangers in Korea’s first Euro-denominated cross-border residential mortgage-backed securitization, by Korea First Bank; also&nbsp; represented the arrangers in the second such transaction for the same bank. Advised Citigroup in Korean Air’s first yen-denominated cargo receivables securitization.


Yoon &amp; Yoo

Jin Sook Choi is the firm’s top finance and securities lawyer.

Advising Daewoo Securities on its issuance of asset-backed securities valued at US$50 million.
<BR>
<BR>
Over the past year, securitization transactions carried out in South Korea have included the issuance by Korea First Mortgage No.3 of US$731.1 million guaranteed secured floating rate notes due in 2036. The notes were originated by Korea First Bank on a pool of residential mortgage loans in Korea. The December 6 2004 issuance involved a 30-year cross-currency interest rate swap with Calyon, in which Ambac Assurance issued an unconditional 30-year swap guarantee in addition to its 30-year unconditional note guarantee. The transaction constitutes both the largest (in deal size) and the longest (in legal maturity) cross-border securitization out of Korea to date. It is also the third cross-border residential mortgage backed securitization deal completed by the same originator, Korea First Bank, in a single year, all of which Jones Day has advised on.&nbsp;
<BR>
Ambac, the guarantor, was advised by Jones Day as international counsel and Hwang Mok Park as domestic counsel. Joint arrangers Calyon, BNP Paribas and Royal Bank of Scotland were advised by Clifford Chance, as international counsel, and Shin &amp; Kim, as domestic counsel.&nbsp; JP Morgan, the trustee, was advised by Clifford Chance.&nbsp; Korea First Bank received international counsel from Cleary Gottlieb Steen &amp; Hamilton and domestic counsel from Kim &amp; Chang.&nbsp;
<BR>
In the past year, Korean Air Lines (KAL) also pioneered a securitization of future Japanese yen cargo receivables. KAL Japan ABS 2 Ireland, a special-purpose vehicle incorporated in Ireland, issued &yen;20 billion (approximately US$188.8 million) secured floating rate notes due in 2008. KAL also enjoyed a credit facility supporting payments on the notes from the Korea Development Bank. The notes were listed on the Irish Stock Exchange on March 24 2005.
<BR>
Joint arrangers Nikko Citigroup and the Korea Development Bank were advised on English and Japanese law by Paul, Hastings, Janofsky &amp; Walker. The law firm also advised the trustee and transaction administrator JP Morgan Chase Bank on English law. The deal is the second cross-border future flow securitization by Korean Air. In September 2003, Paul, Hastings, Janofsky &amp; Walker acted as transaction counsel on the airline’s securitization of future Japanese yen passenger ticket receivables.
<BR>
Bae, Kim &amp; Lee says that one of the most active areas for its capital markets and corporate finance practice group relates to domestic/overseas asset-backed securitization transactions, notably in relation to various non-performing assets of Korean financial institutions.
<BR>
Kim &amp; Chang is also very active in securitization work.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Shipping, Maritime &amp; Aviation
<BR>




Shipping, Maritime &amp; Aviation


International Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Cleary Gottlieb Steen &amp; Hamilton&nbsp;

<BR>

Advised selling shareholders STX Pan Ocean, STX Shipbuilding, POS Ship Management and STX Engine in a US$318 million Rule 144A/Regulation S offering of 600 million shares of their common stock through a placement to institutional and other investors and a public offering in Singapore.


DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary

&nbsp;

Represented Woori Bank in a dispute with Britannia Steam Ship Insurance Association at the London Maritime Arbitration Association.


Local Firms

<BR>

<BR>


Choi &amp; Kim&nbsp;

Noted as one of the top specialist shipping law firms in South Korea.

Assisted Greek buyers of new buildings on the re-negotiation of shipbuilding contracts.&nbsp; Represented carriers or terminal operators in connection with damages caused by typhoon ‘Maemi’,&nbsp; the severest typhoon on record to date in Korea.&nbsp;


Lee &amp; Ko

<BR>

Exclusive counsel to Hanjin Shipping, which has at least a 50% market share of Korea’s shipping industry. Represented the owners and P&amp;I insurers of the ‘Pos Bravery’ ship, which collided with the ‘Morning Express’ at the entry of Gwang Yang Port, in criminal proceedings against the crew, proceedings before the Marine Accident Adjudication Tribunal and settlement negotiations with the ‘Morning Express’ owners. Successfully&nbsp; represented Korean Airlines in proceedings before the Fair Trade Commission over the airline’s frequent flyer programme.


Yoon &amp; Yang

Lee Duk-min is the firm’s top partner for shipping issues.

Represented Woori Bank in a dispute with Britannia Steam Ship Insurance Association at the London Maritime Arbitration Association. Also assisted the bank in arresting vessels in Hong Kong, Korea and Singapore.
<BR>
<BR>
A revision of the maritime chapter of the Korean Commercial Code is currently being discussed, as are amendments to the Marine Pollution Prevention Act, which would involve more administrative sanctions for polluters.
An amendment to the Aviation Act is pending and is currently before the National Assembly. The draft, which took a year to draw up, relates to current air alliances. Current pricing discussions between Korean Air and Asiana Airlines and the other international airlines within alliances are facing difficulties because of some concerns by foreign participants over the possibility of anti-trust exceptions for airlines, similar to that available in the US.&nbsp;
<BR>
Kim &amp; Co, originally an offshoot of Lee &amp; Ko, represents European banks on ship financing in South Korea.
<BR>
Shipping firm Choi &amp; Kim is seen as a major player in this field, representing most of the major protection and indemnity (P&amp;I) clubs in Europe and Korean shipping companies.
<BR>
Kim Shin &amp; Yu says it has been active in maritime cases this year.&nbsp;
<BR>
Lee &amp; Ko represents major foreign insurance firms and P&amp;I clubs and exclusively represents Hanjin Shipping, it says. In the past year, the firm has represented P&amp;I clubs in two collision cases.
<BR>
Pusan International Law Offices, which is based in Pusan, benefits from being outside the capital city. A general law firm, it also represents some of the largest maritime companies. The firm represents Hansung, one of the largest seafood manufacturing firms, as well as a couple of P&amp;I clubs.&nbsp;
<BR>
Because there are fewer crashes due partly to more sophisticated navigation systems, much of the aviation work for law firms tends to be recovery insurance and cargo damage. Lee &amp; Ko is representing the Air China insurers over a 2002 Air China crash in Korean territory. The case is now reaching the end of proceedings. The law firm also does continuous work for Korean Airlines.
<BR>
Bae, Kim &amp; Lee maintain a large shipping and aviation practice group. The practice group’s international clients comprise shipowners, banks, insurance companies, trading companies and P&amp;I clubs.
<BR>
Kim &amp; Chang advises on both shipping and aviation work and has reportedly represented shipowners/P&amp;I clubs and insurers in all the major maritime environmental incidents and casualties that have occurred in Korean waters.
<BR>
Taxation
<BR>




Taxation&nbsp;


Local Firms

Notable Expertise

Notable Deals (since August 2004)


Lee &amp; Ko

<BR>

Advised LG Chem on the tax ramifications of its acquisition of Hyundai Petrochemical shares jointly with Honam Petrochemical Corp, followed by a horizontal spin-off of Hyundai Petrochemical into the surviving company and two newly incorporated companies; the firm’s advice included transfer tax, corporate income tax and securities exchange tax.


Woo Yun Kang Jeong &amp; Han &nbsp;

Highly regarded&nbsp; for its tax work. Tax experts include Chang Rok Woo and Sai Ree Yun.

Represented Kyobo Life Insurance before the National Tax Tribunal over a US$250 million tax dispute involving re-evaluation of property held by the company. Advised Standard Chartered Bank on tax issues in its acquisition of Korea First Bank for US$3.4 billion, including Korean withholding tax implications of capital gains earned by the transferor, Newbridge. &nbsp;


Yoon &amp; Yang

Partners Seung Soon Lim and Yoong-Neung Kee specialize in tax work.

Represented Jae Yong Lee, the first son of the chairman of Samsung Group, and five others in a suit over a US$60 million tax assessment for their undertaking of corporate bonds issued by Samsung Everland. Obtained a tax cut for Hyundai Shopping under the Seoul Acquisition Tax Reduction Bill.
<BR>
<BR>
A series of raids and tax investigations have been carried out by the National Tax Office against a number of private equity funds, with amounts involved reaching hundreds of millions of dollars.&nbsp;
<BR>
Another issue is that of anti-treaty shopping measures. Legislation being contemplated that would stipulate that even if a foreign fund comes from a tax treaty jurisdiction, if it is regarded as a tax avoidance area, the area can be blacklisted. The International Tax Co-ordination Law, which will become a part of the Corporate Tax Law, has just been announced for public consultation.
<BR>
Tax specialist firm Woo Yu Kang Jeong &amp; Han has been working with the Ministry of Finance and Economy to establish safe harbour guidelines for determining ‘beneficial ownership’ of investments made into Korea by investment funds established in tax favourable jurisdictions. The firm has almost doubled the size of its tax team to 25 tax professionals, with new additions including Jay Shin, an international tax lawyer who used to be a partner at PricewaterhouseCoopers.&nbsp;
<BR>
Shin &amp; Kim has worked on the tax investigation of an investment management company and its shareholder, including issues relating to the transfer price on management fees. It has also worked on tax investigations of domestic and foreign-invested banks, including issues relating to yen-swap deposits, and on litigation against the National Tax Service before the Administrative Court on international share exchange transactions of a foreign-invested company.
<BR>
Kim &amp; Chang has the largest tax consulting division among all of South Korea’s accounting and law firms. It has about 60 tax specialists, including former officials of the National Tax Service and former officials of the Ministry of Finance and Economy in charge of tax matters.&nbsp;
<BR>
Lee &amp; Ko’s tax team includes a former member of the Tax Adjudication Tribunal, a former special research assistant to Supreme Court Justices on tax matters, a chairman of the Tax Law Research Association, a legal advisor to the National Tax Service and a lecturer of tax law at Seoul National University law school. Recent tax cases for the firm include advising LG Chem on the tax ramifications of its acquisition of Hyundai Petrochemical shares jointly with Honam Petrochemical, followed by a horizontal spin-off of Hyundai Petrochemical into the surviving company and two newly incorporated companies. The firm’s advice resulted in tax savings of about W50 billion.&nbsp;
<BR>
LG Chem sought opinions from both Lee &amp; Ko and Bae, Kim &amp; Lee because it is a very significant tax issue. The two opinions were quite different and LG Chem adopted the Lee &amp; Ko opinion. As the case developed, other tax issues arose, and this time LG Chem sought opinions from Lee &amp; Ko and Kim &amp; Chang. Again Lee &amp; Ko’s opinion was adopted.&nbsp;
<BR>
The tax practice group of Kim, Choi &amp; Lim, which was set up in 1991, is headed by Lim Hee-Taek, who specialized in tax law even before passing the Korean bar in 1984. He practised with both Kim &amp; Chang and Shin and Kim before becoming a founding member of Kim, Choi &amp; Lim.&nbsp;
<BR>
By Annemarie Evans
<BR>
<BR>
<BR>
DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF KOREA (DPRK)
&nbsp;
The legal and economic situation in North Korea is tied inextricably to the country’s political environment. Periodic six-party talks and direct communication efforts behind the scenes between North Korea and the United States could offset an international crisis. Law firms in South Korea, while aware and concerned by the situation, largely see the current situation as more positive than it has been in recent years.
<BR>
Talk of a nuclear threat can easily scare away foreign direct investment. But foreign investment is on the increase, which could perhaps be an indicator that things are more settled &#8211; at least for now. Foreign investors consist of two groups: either those which have a vested interest in a united Korea at some distant point in the future (largely investors from South Korea), or those eying a country with large mineral reserves (the north has the second largest magnesium deposits in the world) and cheap labour at half the cost of that in China.
<BR>
As China’s burgeoning economy produces a richer population, those investing in China have to increasingly look to the west of the country for cheap labour. North Korea provides a cheap labour option, even if an unsophisticated legal system means that there is still a certain element of risk involved.&nbsp;
<BR>
Foreign investors remain dependent on North Korea’s willingness to enter into contractually binding agreements. But the North’s increasing interest in signing up for international trade agreements does indicate a positive desire to attract foreign investors and take their business seriously.
Although it is difficult to assess economic statistics for North Korea, its trade has risen by 20% a year and stood at about US$1.2 billion a year as of 2004. Both the economic zone near the Russian border and the Kaesong economic zone near the demilitarized zone have encouraged foreign interest, including South Korean investors other than Hyundai, which initially set up the zone.&nbsp;
<BR>
The Kaesong zone was set up in 2003 when 15 South Korean companies began constructing manufacturing facilities. Government plans for the zone envisage participation by 250 South Korean companies by the start of 2006.&nbsp;
<BR>
Two-way trade between North and South Korea, which was legalized in 1988, rose to US$697 million by 2004, according to the US State Department. This amount included a substantial quantity of non-tradable goods provided to the north as aid (food and fertilizers among other goods), as part of inter-Korean cooperative projects. About half of the total trade consisted of commercial transactions and was trade based on processing-on-commission arrangements, the US State Department said. The Republic of Korea is North Korea’s second largest trading partner after China.
<BR>
North Korea is still tied to a planned economy, which means its factories have to serve the government’s interests first. But Chinese firms are also interested in using North Korean factories in the times when they do not have production targets set by the government. European firms are also interested in North Korean labour.
<BR>
Local Law Firms
British lawyer Michael Hay set up a joint venture with a North Korean business partner in August 2004, Hay, Kalb and Associates. The firm provides legal and accounting services and advice to foreign investors.
<BR>
In January 2005, Italian law firm Birindelli Law Co established an office in Pyongyang in a joint venture with North Korean institution Korean Lawyers Committee, the authority overseeing the North Korean bar association.&nbsp;
<BR>
There is a basic approval process for joint ventures: a limited liability company is set up and a list of projects is given in which it is not allowed to be involved.&nbsp;
<BR>
Birindelli’s main work in Pyongyang consists of contract law, the establishment of companies and technology transfers. The office has two North Korean lawyers, and Sara Marchetta, the co-representative of the Pyongyang office, working in both Pyongyang and Beijing.
<BR>
“The focus of the DPRK government is on light industry such as food processing, clothing, and shoes. A lot of the work is with the Chinese, with processing contracts. We have a lot of continental European companies that have an interest in the DPRK, especially companies that already are in Asia, especially China,” says Marchetta.
<BR>
Birindelli has a large client base in Italy and has been in China since 1993. The Italian firm’s long association with China has given it plenty of experience in working with Chinese state-owned companies, which has put Birindelli in a good position to understand the type of firms available in North Korea.
<BR>
By Annemarie Evans]]></description></item><item><author>외로운 발바닥</author><category>法</category><title>개인회생제도 개관</title><link>http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/645668</link><pubDate>Tue, 22 Mar 2005 21:17:00 +0900</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.aladin.co.kr/lonelysole/645668</guid><description><![CDATA[<BR>..<BR>]]></description></item></channel></rss>
